三峡水库蓄水后小江水环境容量的变化

三峡水库蓄水后的高水位条件下,长江支流小江回水区的水文情势发生了变化,流速减缓,水域污染物本底浓度值因回水涌入而改变,水环境参数与天然状态有很大区别,对小江水域的水环境容量造成很大的影响.根据小江的水功能区划及水功能区水质目标,采用垂线平均的二维水流、水质数学模型,计算蓄水前后CODMn、TN和TP水环境容量的逐月值和年总量.结果表明:受污染物降解系数减小和蓄水后水质目标值减小的影响,与蓄水前的自然状态相比,蓄水后CODMn的水环境容量总量减少约24.15%,TP的水环境容量总量减少约82.72%,TN的水环境容量由蓄水前不受限制变为蓄水后受到限制.水环境容量的减少是三峡水库蓄水后小江水域富营养化现象增多的重要因素之一.      

某商场分散式排烟系统设计的探讨

以某大型综合性商场为例,运用建筑防火性能化设计理论和方法,对商场的排烟系统进行了分析计算,在数值模拟计算的基础上提出改进意见,并针对商场的不同部分的建筑结构特点给出不同的防排烟措施,以达到最佳的排烟效果.     

Responses of phytoplankton and periphytic diatoms to environmental factors in a tropical riverine reservoir北大核心CSCD

Riverine reservoirs have a short water retention time, which is ecologically more similar to that of rivers. Generally, phytoplankton-based approaches are used for lakes and periphytic diatom-based approach for rivers. To understand the differences in the responses of phytoplankton and periphytic diatoms to environmental variables for riverine reservoirs, we collected periphytic diatom samples on artificial substrata as well as phytoplankton samples from a tropical reservoir with a resident time less than 10 days. Our results showed that 131 phytoplankton species and 138 periphytic diatoms were detected; the variation of phytoplankton community was mainly reflected by the dominant species with a strong response to the environmental variables at a time scale, whereas the variation of periphytic diatom community was noted in both the species composition and the dominant species, with a strong response at spatial-temporal scales. The multivariate regression analysis and redundancy analysis showed that environmental factors have higher explanations for the variance of the periphytic diatom community (R2 = 0.27). Temperature was the key explanatory variable for phytoplankton, planktonic diatoms and periphytic diatoms (P < 0.01). However, dissolved oxygen and nitrate were also detected as significant explanatory factors associated with periphytic diatom community (P < 0.01). Thus, the periphytic diatoms were concluded to be more sensitive to environmental change and were associated with more environmental variables than phytoplankton. Periphytic diatoms appear to provide more ecological information than phytoplankton for riverine reservoirs. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

湖库富营养化敏感分级概念及指标体系研究

依据水体富营养化的危害程度与地理位置、流动条件等因素有关的概念,在一个较小的尺度上提出了水体富营养化敏感分级的概念,将富营养化的控制级别从河流-湖泊2级扩展到多级,并提出了分级采用的指标体系的一般概念.同时与美国环境保护局的大尺度分区(分级)方法进行了比较分析,发现美国14个生态分区河流与湖库的富营养化基准存在不协调之处,认为以该统计方法分别进行河流与湖库富营养化基准制定,可能产生河流基准的控制指标严于湖泊基准的不合理情况.      

水库流域生态补偿标准测算体系研究——以大伙房水库流域为例

生态补偿标准的测算是建立生态补偿机制的核心问题,也是难点所在。研究在对现有生态补偿标准计算方法进行总结分析的基础上,分别从供给方和需求方的角度探索建立了水库流域生态补偿标准测算体系。该体系对基于水库上游水源涵养区生态系统服务功能、生态保护建设总成本和基于下游用水城市意愿支付价格的补偿标准进行了比较分析,最终选择一个既能使水消费者承受得起,又能使生态保护者体会到有所回报的补偿金数额作为上下游协商确定补偿标准的依据。此体系较为全面地对补偿标准进行了测算,使得补偿标准更为公平、合理,进一步完善了水库流域生态补偿标准测算方法。并以大伙房水库流域为例,对其补偿标准进行测算,得出基于研究区生态系统服务功能的补偿标准为64661.3万元,基于研究区生态保护建设总成本的补偿标准为9221.4万元,基于下游用水城市意愿支付价格的补偿标准分别为8637.6万元、12956.4万元,最终认为10000万元是令补偿双方都比较容易接受的一个价格,可作为确定补偿标准的依据。     

基于移民调查的三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源及生态环境状况分析

对三峡库首地区秭归、兴山、巴东等县人口、耕地资源和农业生产力状况进行了统计,并选择库区典型乡镇移民户作为调查对象,点面结合地分析了移民安置对三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源和生态环境状况的影响。结果表明,移民搬迁过程中,库首地区各县乡镇总人口降低,蓄水影响到的移民户基本都得到了妥善安置,农村劳动力资源未明显下降;三峡工程蓄水后,库首地区低海拔区域的耕地被淹没,农村可用耕地总量减少,人地资源矛盾比较突出;在耕地总量和人均耕地面积降低情况下,秭归县粮食、柑橘和蔬菜种植面积和产量仍稳步提高,库区农业生产保持稳步发展;移民搬迁以后,库首地区农村的居住环境、住宅条件、生活条件和交通条件均较移民前有明显改善,农户普遍评价较好,淹水对农村生态环境状况有一定影响,存在自然灾害和病虫害增多、农村废弃物处理设施不足等问题,库区生态环境问题应引起政府的足够重视。     

Impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides

This paper presents the experimental results of impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides. A wide range of effective parameters are considered and studied by performing 120 laboratory tests. Considered slide masses are both rigid and deformable. The effects of bed slope angle, water depth, slide impact velocity, geometry, shape and deformation on impulse wave characteristics have been inspected. The impulse wave features such as amplitude, period and also energy conversation are studied. The effects of slide Froude number and deformation on energy conversation from slide into wave are also investigated. Based on laboratory measured data an empirical equation for impulse wave amplitude and period have been presented and successfully verified using available data of previous laboratory works.     

INTERACTIVE MULTIOBJECTIVE ANALYSIS EMBEDDING THE DECISION MAKER'S IMPLICIT PREFERENCE FUNCTION1

ABSTRACT: Two simple interactive techniques are developed and illustrated by means of two different real-life examples in Thailand. The first technique, Evolutionary Sequential Multiobjective Problem Solving (ESEMOPS), is an open-ended algorithm designed for planning problems with discrete alternatives. ESEMOPS helps the decision making group (DMG) develop progressively a preference function over the alternatives. The algorithm follows an evolutionary “breeding” strategy to generate a small set of good alternative solutions. This heuristic search, which does not guarantee that the adopted ‘satisfactum’ is an efficient solution leads to plausible results when applied to the planning of the Mae Khlong-Chao Phraya interbasin water transfer and irrigation system. The second algorithm, Search Beam Method (SBM) is essentially a series of one-dimensional searches for an efficient point along a “beam” passing through a goal point. Repeated search towards displayed goal points is leading to a set of quasi non-dominated solutions. SBM is illustrated by the Ubol Ratana reservoir control problem with the two conflicting objectives of energy generation and irrigation water supply. Neither ESEMOPS nor SBM require that weights, utilities, or pairwise tradeoffs be assessed. These features have been very much appreciated by a real DMG presented with the two techniques.     

油田废水中汞的测定──冷原子吸收法

冷原子吸收法测定油田废水中汞时，精密度、回收率较差，试验中采用JCG-Ⅰ型测汞仪进行了条件试验、精密度、准确度和最低检出限试验，结果说明在所选定的条件下方法是可行的。     

论水库移民的科学范畴

水库移民学是一门正在酝酿形成之中的新兴综合性学科。本文结合水库淹没处理的经验教训,分析了水库移民学的研究对象——水库移民的科学范畴,得出:水库移民是因兴建水库而产生的由淹没区和淹没影响区迁移到安置区的“人——自然——社会——经济系统”以及这个系统的动态演化过程。它具有系统性、动态演化性、被动性、主体性、补偿性、开发性、环境调适性和自行融合性等八个基本特征。