Pesticide Contamination of Jamaican Environment. II. Insecticide Residues in the Rivers and Shrimps of Rio Cobre Basin, 1982–1996

Only organochlorine (OC) residues were monitored by gas chromatographyin water, sediment and shrimp samples collected everymonth between July 1982 and August 1983 from therivers of Rio Cobre basin. In samples collected everyfour months during 1989–1990, and seven times duringJuly 1995–March 1996, OC and OP (organophosphates)residues were monitored. Carbamate and pyrethroidresidues were not monitored. The detection ofresidues in 1982–1983 was 54 to 100% in water andsediment, and 83 to 100% in shrimp samples fromvarious sampling stations in the four rivers. In otheryears, it ranged from about 40 to 100% in the threetypes of samples.In 1982–1983, DDE and dieldrin residues were found tobe much higher than those of lindane and - and-endosulfan in Black River, Rio Pedro, ThomasRiver and Rio Cobre in the watershed. The ranges ofmeans of each residue in water (g L^-1), sediment(ng g^-1) and shrimp (ng g^-1) samples, respectively, were:DDE, 0.059–102.0, 3.44–13.97, 0.344–14.57;dieldrin, 0.026–173.6, 1.21–2.75, 0.427–5.59;-endosulfan, bdl, 1.75–4.00, bdl;-endosulfan, bdl (below detectable limits), 2.51–9.48, bdl;and lindane, (bdl), 0.110–0.319, 2.90.In 1989–1990 and 1995–1996, residues of six OCs and two OPs were detected quite regularly. DDE, dieldrinand Chlorpyrifos residues were much higher than thoseof the other insecticides. The range of their meansin water (g L^-1), sediment and shrimp (ng g^-1),respectively, were: DDE, 1.66–19.76, 0.941–5.84,1.11–8.32; dieldrin, 0.077–7.22, 0.425–3.31,0.385–1.59; -endosulfan, 0.034–1.25, 0.021–1.22, 0.032–3.62; -endosulfan, 0.665–1.23,0.008–3.60, 0.005–3.97; endosulfan sulphate, 0.959–1.34, 0.035–3.08, 0.012–1.80; lindane, bdl,0.005–0.82, 1.19–1.56; chlorpyrifos, 0.702–4.06,0.005–1.51, 0.156–7.04; and diazinon, bdl, 0–0.150, 0.001–0.006. At the mouth of the river, whereit discharges into the sea, the levels of almost allthe residues were higher than upstream.     

Magnitude of pesticidal contamination in winter vegetables from Hisar,Haryana

Monitoring of 80 winter vegetable samples during 1997–1998 for pesticidal contamination was carried out on GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems with capillary columns following multiresidueanalytical technique. The tested samples were found 100%contaminated with low but measurable amounts of pesticideresidues. Among the four major chemical groups, residue levels oforganophosphorous insecticides were highest followed bycarbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and organochlorines. About 32%of the samples showed contamination with organophosphorous andcarbamate insecticides above their respective MRL values. On thebasis of observations made in these studies, it is suggested thatmore extensive monitoring studies covering all vegetable cropsfrom different agro-climatic regions of the state be carried outto know exact level of pesticidal contamination, which may serveas basis for future policy on chemical use.     

碱锰型电解二氧化锰生产环境影响与环保措施

主要以某公司9000t/a碱锰型电解二氧化锰技改项目环境影响评价为例,结合验收监测数据,简要介绍碱锰型电解二氧化锰生产的环境影响与环保措施.该公司采用氧化锰矿和硫铁矿混合硫酸溶液浸出--电解的生产工艺生产碱锰型电解二氧化锰,生产过程中大气污染源主要有锅炉排放的烟气,化合、电解工序产生的硫酸雾;生产废水主要有锅炉除尘废水、漂洗水及炭黑生产废水;废渣主要是压滤锰渣.     

模拟酸雨对MoO3生产废渣的浸出毒性及生物毒性的影响

利用理化分析、浸出毒性分析、生物毒性试验相结合研究了三氧化钼(MoO3)生产排放的废渣在不同模拟酸雨条件下的浸出毒性及生物毒性.结果表明,废渣浸出液中镍超标,属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物;同时其浸出液具有极强的生物毒性,浸出液生物毒性由强至弱依次为pH=4.5>pH=5.0>pH:5.5>pH=6.0.pH=6.5>pH=6.8,生物毒性最低的浸出液(pH:6.8)24h、48h对隆线溞的半致死体积分数LC50分别为0.3775%、0.2184%.因此,三氧化钼生产排放的废渣在堆存和运输过程中要妥善处理,防止经雨水,尤其是酸雨淋溶浸泡;经浸泡后产生的废液会污染附近水体和土壤,对环境和居民健康造成危害.     

现代生物学技术在农兽药残留检测中的应用

农药污染和兽药残留已构成对环境和人类健康的严重威胁,农产品的质量安全问题日益突出,迫切需要开发简便、价廉、快速的农兽药残留快速检测技术。目前各种生物技术已广泛应用于残留快速检测领域,本文主要对免疫分析技术、分子印迹技术、酶活性抑制技术、生物传感器、生物芯片技术等现代生物技术的发展概况及其在农兽药残留检测中的应用进行了概述。并重点介绍了五种免疫分析技术的原理及应用。     

城市生活污泥低温催化热解实验研究

文章研究了在固体残留物催化作用下,不同热解温度下污泥热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,与无催化剂相比,污泥低温热解所得的液体产率、油品产率、气体产率和固体减少率明显增加。油品最大产率所需温度从440℃降低至400℃,油品最大产率从20.5%增加到24.5%,油品的品质有一定的提高。     

油页岩灰渣浸取铝酸钠溶液试验研究

以油页岩废渣为原料,通过酸浸法浸取油页岩灰渣中的铝酸钠溶液。采用焙烧活化方法将废渣中含铝的低活性晶体物质活化为高活性半晶体或非晶体物质,利用酸浸法浸取焙烧后的高活性含铝废渣,得到铝液;依据试验分析了影响酸浸法浸取铝酸钠溶液的主要影响因素为焙烧温度、焙烧时间、浸取酸浓度和浸取温度;得出酸浸法的最佳工艺参数：活化温度850℃,活化时间3h,选用酸浓度40％,浸取温度60℃,此时油页岩废渣铝浸取率为75％。     

硫化砷渣一步水热成矿转化固砷与硫回收

含砷工业废水的处理通常会产生大量的含砷废渣,砷渣中的砷元素在各种环境因素的影响下容易重新释放到环境中.因此,本研究以模拟硫化砷渣作为典型含砷废渣,通过在水热条件下添加Al³⁺、SO₄^2-和Na⁺,将硫化砷渣一步直接转化成稳定的砷钠明矾石,同时回收单质硫.结果表明,最优的转化条件为：Al/As物质的量比为3：1,pH为2,水热温度和时间分别为200 ℃和2 h;EDS测试和红外谱图表明,部分砷酸根代替了钠明矾石中的硫酸根离子,从而生成了砷钠明矾石;砷钠明矾石的短期毒性浸出实验表明其在pH值为2~11的浸出液中砷的浸出浓度均小于0.05 mg·L^-1,参照《HJ/T 300-2007固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法》的标准,利用pH=4.93的醋酸缓冲溶液浸渍砷钠明矾石90 d后,砷的浸出浓度依然小于0.05 mg·L^-1,由此说明转化后的砷钠明矾石具有优越的稳定性.最后利用该方法处理河南和福建两地的某砷渣,结果表明,两种实际砷渣中的砷浸出浓度均由原来的大于400 mg·L^-1降低到处理后的小于0.1 mg·L^-1,远低于国家危险废物鉴别标准中的限值（5 mg·L^-1）;另外,该方法在稳定硫化砷渣的同时还可以回收单质硫,为砷渣的处理与资源化利用提供了一种新思路.     

中国生物质能源的定量评价及其地理分布

利用已有统计资料和数据,定量估算了中国生物质能源的数量,并对其地理分布格局进行了探讨。研究表明:①2004年中国生物质资源实物蕴藏量为:秸秆7.28×10⁸t,主要分布在河南、山东、黑龙江、吉林、四川等省;畜粪39.26×10⁸t,主要分布在河南、山东、四川、河北、湖南等省;林木生物质21.75×10⁸t,主要分布在西藏、四川、云南、黑龙江、内蒙古等省区;城市垃圾1.55×10⁸t,主要分布在广东、山东、黑龙江、湖北、江苏等省;废水482.4×10⁸t,主要分布在广东、江苏、浙江、山东、河南等省;②2004年中国生物质能实物总蕴藏潜力为35.11×10⁸tce,前五位依次为四川、云南、黑龙江、河南和内蒙古;其中理论可获得量为4.6×10⁸tce,前五位为四川、黑龙江、云南、西藏和内蒙古。可获得量中秸秆、薪柴和畜粪所占比例分别达38.9%、36.0%和22.14%;③中国生物质能分布不均,省际差异较大。按农村人口计算,人均理论可获得生物质能最大的西藏自治区达14.17tce,最小的浙江省仅0.15tce。而生物质能蕴藏潜力分布在一定程度上与常规一次能源蕴藏潜力分布呈现互补状态,则更加突出了在一次能源蕴藏量较低的地区开发利用生物质能的巨大潜力。