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381.
I. Scheunert D. Vockel W. Klein F. Korte 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):719-742
Abstract Residue disappearance and leaching of 14C‐allyl‐alcohol from different soils were studied in laboratory experiments. Additionally, the uptake of residues by lettuce and carrots was investigated in the greenhouse. In laboratory experiments, residue disappearance and leaching from soils was correlated negatively to the organic matter content. In greenhouse experiments with a sandy loam soil at an application rate normally used in practice, an average of 12.5 % of the applied radioactivity was recovered after an eight day interval between application and sowing. Furthermore, an average of 8 % (sum in soil and plants) of the applied radioactivity was recovered after lettuce or carrot growing. Uptake of residues was higher by carrots than by lettuce, and higher by lettuce roots than by lettuce tops. No bioaccumulation was observed. The residues in soils and plants were, to a high percentage, unextractable and, to a smaller extent, fully water‐soluble products. Unchanged allylalcohol could not be detected by the analytical methods used. 相似文献
382.
The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with 14C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the 14C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of 14C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion. 相似文献
383.
Kousik Mandal Suneet Pandher Urvashi Bhardwaj P.K. Arora Balwinder Singh 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(7):1443-1452
The average initial deposits of carbaryl were observed to be 1.4 and 3.1?mg?kg?1, respectively, following four applications of the insecticide at 4.95 and 9.9?kg active ingredient per hectare. Residues of carbaryl dissipated below its limit of quantification of 50?µg?kg?1 after 7 and 10 days at single and double the application dosage, respectively. The half-life values (t 1/2) of carbaryl were worked out to be 1.3 and 0.7 days, respectively, at single and double dosages. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for carbaryl has been fixed at 8?µg?kg?1 body weight per day. Keeping in view the residues of carbaryl observed one day after the last application, a child of 10?kg and an adult of 60?kg will have an intake of 77 and 154?µg carbaryl after consumption of 100 and 200?g grapes, in comparison to its ADI of 80 and 480?µg; thus, no health risk is to be expected. Therefore, a waiting period of 1 day has been suggested for the safe consumption of carbaryl-treated grapes to avoid any health hazards. 相似文献
384.
Ilija Vukadin 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1):209-215
Chemical hydrography, nutrients and trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms were studied in the Bay of Mali Ston and their role in terms of pollution discussed. Results show that the entire study area is very strongly affected by the adjacent land. The overall area is well aerated so that no dangerous accumulation of nutrients with oxygen content reduction was recorded. Results of analyses of trace metals show that the water and sediments of the bay contain high levels of some metals significantly higher than those from the open sea. This may be attributed to the natural sedimentation processes and the Neretva River and submarine spring runoffs carrying constituents of ignous and limestone rocks. 相似文献
385.
A field study was conducted to measure the dislodgeable residues of profenofos applied to jasmine (Jasminum sambac) and risk assessment was done for laborers engaged in picking of flower buds. Profenofos was applied at 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% concentration and the jasmine bud samples were analysed for residues using GC. The initial deposit of 1.6–3.8, 3.8–7.1, and 5.2–7.6 µg cm?2 was detected on jasmine buds at 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% concentration, respectively. At the recommended dose of 0.10%, the half-life was 1–2 days and the dislodgeable residues disappeared within 7 days. The results indicate faster disappearance of dislodgeable residues on jasmine buds. Risk assessment was done based on dislodgeable foliar residues and exposure estimates based on surrogate data and expressed as Margin of Exposure (MOE). The entry restrictions for exposure of jasmine flower pickers to profenofos, would be at least, 1 day following application, for the recommended concentration of 0.10% (MOE = 106) and 3 days, at higher concentrations of 0.15% (MOE = 156) and 0.20% (MOE = 115). 相似文献
386.
Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater. 相似文献
387.
Brian Knights 《Chemistry and Ecology》1997,13(3):171-212
Contaimination of anguillid eels by organochlorine pesticides and PCBs is reviewed using a risk assessment-management approach. Quantitative structure-activity relationships, biomonitoring of body residues and field and laboratory studies demonstrate hazards and risks of persistence; organic carbon binding, sediment transport and sinks; volatility, aerial transport and deposition; hydrophobicity/lipophilicity, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and dietary biomangification. Risks of acute narcotic toxicity are generally lower than those of chornic effects. Cause-effect relationships and critical loadings are, however, unclear. Critical environmental and body residue levels to protect eels and animal and humans consumption must be formulated and interpreted with caution. Risks for eels at different life-stages and in different habitats are compared with respect to routes of uptake, elimination, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It is concluded that organochlorine contamination has not been a major cause of recent declines in eel recruitment. the use of eels in biomonitoring and biomarker studies are recommended. Appropriate methodologies and uses in risk assessment and management are discussed. 相似文献
388.
Masanao Nagamori Youichi Watanabe Takahito Hase Yasundo Kurata Yusaku Ono Kiyoshi Kawamura 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):90-98
To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient
method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of
the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship
between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr6+, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes
with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the
soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was
examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other
pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values.
Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition
to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr6+), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination. 相似文献
389.
Shin-ichi Sakai Yukio Noma Akiko Kida 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):151-158
The Japanese Government introduced the Law on Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) in 2002. This law requires
manufacturers to retrieve chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR) from ELVs and to properly
recycle the remaining materials. This framework is compared with European ELV directives. Pilot-scale incineration plant testing
has revealed a greater formation of by-product persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the primary combustion of ASR compared
to normal municipal solid waste. This may be attributed to the abundance of chlorine, Cu, and Fe in ASR, as Cu and Fe have
been found to catalyze the formation of POPs under certain conditions. However, most by-product POPs were destroyed by the
secondary combustion, and almost all were removed after flue gas treatment. The direct melting system is a shaft-type gasification
and melting technology that has proved effective in many municipal solid waste applications. This system can be applied to
ASR recycling for effective decomposition of brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dioxins. 相似文献
390.
干法半干法脱硫灰升温过程中二氧化硫的逸出规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过改变焙烧温度、焙烧时间和通气流量等条件,研究了干法半干法脱硫灰中二氧化硫的逸出规律。结果表明:850℃~1050℃,二氧化硫的逸出量随着温度的升高而增加,大约由0.15mg/g增加到0.5mg/g;脱硫灰焙烧1h后二氧化硫逸出量比焙烧10min后增加最多为0.047mg/g,因此焙烧10min二氧化硫基本全部逸出;在通气量0.6L/min~0.9L/min的范围内,二氧化硫逸出量随着通气流量的增加而增加,不同焙烧时间时的增加量都约为0.062mg/g,然后趋于平缓,最后基本不受通气流量的影响;计算得出二氧化硫最大排放浓度为101.4mg/m3,远远低于国家标准的规定800mg/m3,因此在脱硫灰渣的再利用中不会对环境造成危害。 相似文献