抗生素环丙沙星(CIP)在两种红树林湿地中的残留及迁移特征

沿海地区水产养殖废水直排导致滨海红树林内抗生素富集.本研究在广东省湛江市高桥红树林自然保护区展开,采用高效液相色谱法对两种优势红树植物群落—红海榄(Rhizophorastylosa)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)根际沉积物及植物根、枝、叶中环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)的残留进行定量分析,同时分析红树植物根系含脂率(Lipid ratio,LR)与根系中CIP累积的相关性.结果表明,红海榄、白骨壤根际沉积物中CIP残留无显著差异(p0.05),含量分别为(69.0±5.9)、(63.0±6.2)μg·kg~(-1),高于国内外其它湿地沉积物中CIP残留水平;植物体内CIP累积表现为白骨壤((1306.3±234.8)μg·kg~(-1))红海榄((366.6±52.0)μg·kg~(-1))(p0.05),且均呈现地上部(枝、叶)根部的特征,转移因子(Transfer Factors,TF)分别为3.5±1.7、1.4±0.5.两种红树植物对环境中CIP均具有净化潜力,其中,以白骨壤净化能力更强.研究同时发现,含脂率不是影响根系吸收累积CIP的关键因子.本研究对抗生素在红树林湿地内的迁移和吸附特征研究具有借鉴意义.     

稳定化处理对矿渣中重金属迁移转化的影响研究

土壤中重金属的不同存在形态会产生不同的环境效应,并直接影响重金属的毒性、迁移性和生物有效性.以石灰、粉煤灰、干化污泥、花生壳为稳定剂,对某金矿区含重金属矿渣进行组合处理;通过重金属形态分析、淋滤试验、植物盆栽试验,探讨矿渣中重金属的迁移转化规律.结果表明,添加稳定剂后,酸性矿渣的pH升高至中性以上,有机质含量显著增加.矿渣中As、Pb、Zn的主要存在形态为残渣态,添加粉煤灰、干化污泥和花生壳使矿渣中可交换态As和有机结合态As含量分别降低了65.6%、87.7%;添加石灰、粉煤灰和花生壳使矿渣中铁锰氧化物结合态As主要向碳酸盐结合态As转化;添加石灰和粉煤灰使矿渣中的可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Pb、Zn主要向残渣态Pb、Zn转化.经前期稳定化处理后,矿渣淋滤液中As、Pb、Zn的含量均有不同程度的下降,添加花生壳处理后淋滤液中的As、Pb、Zn含量进一步下降.其中,粉煤灰、干化污泥和花生壳处理后淋滤液中As含量下降最显著,降幅为57.4%;石灰、粉煤灰和花生壳处理后淋滤液中Zn含量下降最显著,降幅为24.9%.添加稳定剂处理矿渣明显有利于植物的萌发与生长,其中添加粉煤灰、干化污泥和花生壳效果最好,香根草的萌发率为76%.     

Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety

Decades ago, agrochemicals were introduced aiming at enhancing crop yields and at protecting crops from pests. Due to adaptation and resistance developed by pests to chemicals, every year higher amounts and new chemical compounds are used to protect crops, causing undesired side effects and raising the costs of food production. Eventually, new techniques, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) resistant to pests, could halt the massive spread of agrochemicals in agriculture fields. Biological chemical-free agriculture is gaining also more and more support but it is still not able to respond to the need for producing massive amounts of food. The use of agrochemicals, including pesticides, remains a common practice especially in tropical regions and South countries. Cheap compounds, such as DDT, HCH and lindane, that are environmentally persistent, are today banned from agriculture use in developed countries, but remain popular in developing countries. As a consequence, persistent residues of these chemicals contaminate food and disperse in the environment. Coordinated efforts are needed to increase the production of food but with a view to enhanced food quality and safety as well as to controlling residues of persistent pesticides in the environment.