建筑安全管理研究的现状与展望

在世界大多数国家,建筑业是重要的国民经济生产行业,但是由于建筑业的特殊性,其安全和健康状况一直不能令人满意,并且严重制约了建筑业劳动生产率和产品质量的提高,影响了建筑业的声誉和可持续发展。本对国内外建筑安全管理领域的最新研究成果进行了综述和总结,并在此基础上提出了今后需要重点研究和关注的课题。     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Animal Experiments with Guidelines for Reporting

To maximize the findings of animal experiments to inform likely health effects in humans, a thorough review and evaluation of the animal evidence is required. Systematic reviews and, where appropriate, meta-analyses have great potential in facilitating such an evaluation, making efficient use of the animal evidence while minimizing possible sources of bias. The extent to which systematic review and meta-analysis methods have been applied to evaluate animal experiments to inform human health is unknown. Using systematic review methods, we examine the extent and quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of in vivo animal experiments carried out to inform human health. We identified 103 articles meeting the inclusion criteria: 57 reported a systematic review, 29 a systematic review and a meta-analysis, and 17 reported a meta-analysis only. The use of these methods to evaluate animal evidence has increased over time. Although the reporting of systematic reviews is of adequate quality, the reporting of meta-analyses is poor. The inadequate reporting of meta-analyses observed here leads to questions on whether the most appropriate methods were used to maximize the use of the animal evidence to inform policy or decision-making. We recommend that guidelines proposed here be used to help improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal experiments. Further consideration of the use and methodological quality and reporting of such studies is needed.     

大气硝酸测量方法研究进展

大气中硝酸(HNO3)的生成是排放到空气中氮氧化物(NOx)的主要沉降途径,对降水酸化、二次细颗粒物中硝酸盐的形成以及在研究光化学污染和霾形成等大气复合污染过程之间的联系中具有重要作用.获得高时间分辨率、准确的大气HNO3测量数据对研究和认识大气中NOx的循环机理是十分必要和迫切的.大气中的HNO3浓度低且具有很强的吸...     

有机污染物应急监测的样品前处理技术

样品前处理是有机污染物应急监测中的重要环节。介绍了热分离进样杆、分散液液微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、固相微萃取等适合于有机污染物应急监测的样品前处理技术,并概述了它们在环境分析领域的应用进展。如何将这些前处理技术与自身拥有的应急监测设备有效结合是环境监测技术人员亟待解决的问题。     

Examining the place of ecological integrity in environmental justice: A systematic review

Environmental justice research is predominately an anthropocentric endeavour, and it is unclear whether this research captures injustices to other species or the integrity of ecological systems that support all life on earth. The purpose of this article is three-fold. First, we systematically review the environmental justice literature to identify the epistemological perspectives from which environmental justice is conveyed. Second, we examine definitions of environmental justice to determine how the concept is operationalised across these paradigms. Third, we document under what conditions these definitions purposely acknowledge the interdependency of all species in order to elucidate the place (or absence) of ecological integrity in our understanding of environmental justice. We conclude with a discussion of the value of going beyond mainstream expressions of environmental justice that typically do not include ecological integrity as a way to begin addressing the problem in a more holistic way.     

Importance of health assessments for conservation in noncaptive wildlife

Wildlife health assessments help identify populations at risk of starvation, disease, and decline from anthropogenic impacts on natural habitats. We conducted an overview of available health assessment studies in noncaptive vertebrates and devised a framework to strategically integrate health assessments in population monitoring. Using a systematic approach, we performed a thorough assessment of studies examining multiple health parameters of noncaptive vertebrate species from 1982 to 2020 (n = 261 studies). We quantified trends in study design and diagnostic methods across taxa with generalized linear models, bibliometric analyses, and visual representations of study location versus biodiversity hotspots. Only 35% of studies involved international or cross-border collaboration. Countries with both high and threatened biodiversity were greatly underrepresented. Species that were not listed as threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List represented 49% of assessed species, a trend likely associated with the regional focus of most studies. We strongly suggest following wildlife health assessment protocols when planning a study and using statistically adequate sample sizes for studies establishing reference ranges. Across all taxa blood analysis (89%), body composition assessments (81%), physical examination (72%), and fecal analyses (24% of studies) were the most common methods. A conceptual framework to improve design and standardize wildlife health assessments includes guidelines on the experimental design, data acquisition and analysis, and species conservation planning and management implications. Integrating a physiological and ecological understanding of species resilience toward threatening processes will enable informed decision making regarding the conservation of threatened species.     

国内外环境安全研究进展述评

环境安全是环境问题日益加剧和恶化而对人类社会构成的安全层次上的威胁。本文研究的目标是从整体上描绘当前环境安全研究的大致轮廓和发展前景。本文将当前国内外环境安全研究划分为三种视角并分别进行了述评：①“传统安全视角”：从传统安全的视角研究环境问题对传统安全的影响;②“狭义环境安全视角”：从安全的视角研究日益恶化的狭义环境问题：③“广义环境安全视角”：从安全的视角研究生态、资源、灾害等领域的广义环境问题。通过比较和评论,认为“狭义环境安全视角”研究针对人类社会面临的“继续生存还是自我毁灭”的“新生存安全问题”,揭示了环境安全研究的核心科学问题,具有重要的研究意义和前景。就目前研究而言。在探讨环境安全基本理论和科学问题的同时。应注重加强在国家环境安全、生态环境安全、突发环境安全事件等领域的技术方法、案例的应用型研究。     

水生态系统服务功能价值评估研究综述

随着人类认识的不断进步,水生态系统服务功能价值的分类及评估方法逐渐形成。专家们对湿地、湖泊、水库等生态系统的服务功能价值进行了评估。但评估方法尚不成熟,服务功能分类缺乏统一的标准,以瞬时静态评估为主,不能充分体现各个生态系统的特征和空间异质性。     

深圳市环境影响评价审批的廉政风险防控对策研究

总结了我国在环评审批领域的研究现状,分析了受理、审查评估、批复等具体行政行为过程中存在的廉政风险,提出完善环境影响评价审批法律法规,规范审批程序,实现审批行为信息化、有痕化、打造“阳光审批”工程等审批廉政风险防控的对策。