环境介质中挥发酚的监测技术现状与展望

挥发酚是一类重要环境优先污染物,严重危害生态环境和人体健康。文章综述挥发酚的分光光度法、紫外分光光度法、荧光分光光度法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、流动注射分析法等检测方法的原理及应用,并展望挥发酚监测技术的研究趋势和前景。     

Effectiveness of Predator Removal for Enhancing Bird Populations

Abstract: Predation pressure on vulnerable bird species has made predator control an important issue for international nature conservation. Predator removal by culling or translocation is controversial, expensive, and time‐consuming, and results are often temporary. Thus, it is important to assess its effectiveness from all available evidence. We used explicit systematic review methodology to determine the impact of predator removal on four measurable responses in birds: breeding performance (hatching success and fledging success) and population size (breeding and postbreeding). We used meta‐analysis to summarize results from 83 predator removal studies from six continents. We also investigated whether characteristics of the prey, predator species, location, and study methodology explained heterogeneity in effect sizes. Removing predators increased hatching success, fledging success, and breeding populations. Removing all predator species achieved a significantly larger increase in breeding population than removing only a subset. Postbreeding population size was not improved on islands, or overall, but did increase on mainlands. Heterogeneity in effect sizes for the four population parameters was not explained by whether predators were native or introduced; prey were declining, migratory, or game species; or by the study methodology. Effect sizes for fledging success were smaller for ground‐nesting birds than those that nest elsewhere, but the difference was not significant. We conclude that current evidence indicates that predator removal is an effective strategy for the conservation of vulnerable bird populations. Nevertheless, the ethical and practical problems associated with predator removal may lead managers to favor alternative, nonlethal solutions. Research is needed to provide and synthesize data to determine whether these are effective management practices for future policies on bird conservation.     

The Effectiveness of Asulam for Bracken (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteridium aquilinum</Emphasis>) Control in the United Kingdom: A Meta-Analysis

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a major problem for livestock-based extensive agriculture, conservation, recreation, and game management globally. It is an invasive species often achieving dominance to the detriment of other species. Control is essential to maintain plant communities such as grassland and lowland heath or if extensive grazing by domestic stock, particularly sheep, is to be viable on upland margins. Bracken is managed primarily by herbicide application or cutting but other techniques including rolling, burning, and grazing are also utilized. Here we evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of asulam for the control of bracken. Thirteen studies provided data for meta-analyses which demonstrate that application of the herbicide asulam reduces bracken abundance. Subgroup analyses indicate that the number of treatments had an important impact, with multiple follow-up treatments more effective than one or two treatments. Management practices should reflect the requirement for repeated follow-up. There is insufficient available experimental evidence for quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of other management interventions, although this results from lack of reporting in papers where cutting and comparisons of cutting and asulam application are concerned. Systematic searching and meta-analytical synthesis have effectively demonstrated the limits of current knowledge, based on recorded empirical evidence, and increasing the call for more rigorous monitoring of bracken control techniques. Lack of experimental evidence on the effectiveness of management such as rolling or grazing with hardy cattle breeds contrasts with the widespread acceptance of their use through dissemination of experience.     

土壤生态研究的回顾及其发展趋向

将土壤生态学的发展分为三个时期，讨论和回顾了土壤生态学的理论体系和研究领域；并指出了土壤生态研究的几大发展趋向。     

The re-territorialisation of Biosphere Reserves: The case of Wester Ross,Northwest Scotland

Biosphere reserves, designated under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, are now regarded as key mechanisms to achieve global imperatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals. The concept of biosphere reserves has evolved significantly from the 1970s to include a larger number of functions and zones, as well as the inclusion of stakeholders in governance, as codified in the 1996 Statutory Framework for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Its implementation has led to the re-territorialisation of 66 biosphere reserves, as they have been extended beyond the protected areas that form their ‘core areas’. One example is Wester Ross in northwest Scotland. This region has been nationally recognised for its high biodiversity and landscape values since the late 1940s, and a small biosphere reserve was established in 1976. In the current decade, as required by the MAB Programme, this biosphere reserve was extended to over 100 times its original area through a participatory process which is described in detail. Following re-territorialisation, this biosphere reserve, like others, both represents opportunities and faces challenges. These are discussed with regard to four requirements: effective communication, stakeholder engagement, participatory governance, and funding.     

Factors Influencing Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents on Construction Sites: A Review

Objective. Construction is a hazardous occupation due to the unique nature of activities involved and the repetitiveness of several field behaviors. The aim of this methodological and theoretical review is to explore the empirical factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on construction sites. Methods. In this work, results and findings from 56 related previous studies were investigated. These studies were categorized based on their design, type, methods of data collection, analytical methods, variables, and key findings. A qualitative content analysis procedure was used to extract variables, themes, and factors. In addition, all studies were reviewed to determine the quality rating and to evaluate the strength of provided evidence. Results. The content analysis identified 8 main categories: (a) society, (b) organization, (c) project management, (d) supervision, (e) contractor, (f) site condition, (g) work group, and (h) individual characteristics. The review highlighted the importance of more distal factors, e.g., society and organization, and project management, that may contribute to reducing the likelihood of unsafe behaviors and accidents through the promotion of site condition and individual features (as proximal factors). Conclusion. Further research is necessary to provide a better understanding of the links between unsafe behavior theories and empirical findings, challenge theoretical assumptions, develop new applied theories, and make stronger recommendations.     

我国应逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理

我国排污许可管理始于20世纪80年代中后期,经历了从探索、停滞到不断发展的历程.为研究我国排污许可的未来发展方向,对我国排污许可发展的历程和存在的问题,以及美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区的经验进行了分析.从我国排污许可的发展历程来看,我国第一阶段排污许可管理立法层次不高,反复试点、推进力度不够,且经济迅速发展导致污染物负荷量不断增长,客观上增加了排污许可实施的难度.“十三五”以来,我国已初步构建了以行业为基础的排污许可管理体系,但也面临着一系列的问题,主要是按行业发放排污许可难以与地表水水质直接挂钩、部分企业排污许可量过大难以约束企业排污、排污许可证核发任务重难以考虑水质达标要求、缺乏基于水质核发排污许可限值的管理实施细则等.针对上述问题,分析了以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家和地区的排污许可管理经验,表明基于水质达标是实施排污许可管理的基本法律内涵和发展方向.在国内外排污许可发展经验教训总结的基础上,结合我国目前排污许可的实施进展,建议我国逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理,主要措施有完善基于水质的行政区、流域和控制单元排污许可总量审核系统,编制和修订排污许可证管理相关技术规范,以水质达标为目标完善流域排放标准,完善基于水质的排污许可监管和处罚机制,尽快开展基于水质的排污许可示范,扩大公众参与等.“十四五”时期,建议我国的排污许可制应从重视系统体系构建,逐步过渡到基于水质的排污许可管理,并制订有针对性的管理法规和政策措施.      

土壤生态系统微生物多样性技术研究进展

土壤微生物多样性主要研究土壤环境中微生物种群的类别、丰度、分布、结构变化及微生物群落功能的多样性,是土壤生物多样性研究的主体部分。19世纪末,传统的微生物分离培养方法应用于土壤微生物多样性解析。至20世纪70年代,建立了以磷脂脂肪酸图谱分析法(PLFA)和BIOLOG微量分析法为代表的对土壤微生物群落多样性评价的生物化学方法。20世纪90年代后期,随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,建立了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、末端限制性片段长度多样性(TRFLP)、克隆文库和高通量测序等土壤微生物多样性研究方法。本文综述了土壤微生物多样性研究技术的原理、进展,并对不同技术的优缺点及应用进行探讨,并对相关领域研究提出思考。