土壤生态系统微生物多样性技术研究进展

土壤微生物多样性主要研究土壤环境中微生物种群的类别、丰度、分布、结构变化及微生物群落功能的多样性,是土壤生物多样性研究的主体部分。19世纪末,传统的微生物分离培养方法应用于土壤微生物多样性解析。至20世纪70年代,建立了以磷脂脂肪酸图谱分析法(PLFA)和BIOLOG微量分析法为代表的对土壤微生物群落多样性评价的生物化学方法。20世纪90年代后期,随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,建立了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、末端限制性片段长度多样性(TRFLP)、克隆文库和高通量测序等土壤微生物多样性研究方法。本文综述了土壤微生物多样性研究技术的原理、进展,并对不同技术的优缺点及应用进行探讨,并对相关领域研究提出思考。     

我国应逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理

我国排污许可管理始于20世纪80年代中后期,经历了从探索、停滞到不断发展的历程.为研究我国排污许可的未来发展方向,对我国排污许可发展的历程和存在的问题,以及美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区的经验进行了分析.从我国排污许可的发展历程来看,我国第一阶段排污许可管理立法层次不高,反复试点、推进力度不够,且经济迅速发展导致污染物负荷量不断增长,客观上增加了排污许可实施的难度.“十三五”以来,我国已初步构建了以行业为基础的排污许可管理体系,但也面临着一系列的问题,主要是按行业发放排污许可难以与地表水水质直接挂钩、部分企业排污许可量过大难以约束企业排污、排污许可证核发任务重难以考虑水质达标要求、缺乏基于水质核发排污许可限值的管理实施细则等.针对上述问题,分析了以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家和地区的排污许可管理经验,表明基于水质达标是实施排污许可管理的基本法律内涵和发展方向.在国内外排污许可发展经验教训总结的基础上,结合我国目前排污许可的实施进展,建议我国逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理,主要措施有完善基于水质的行政区、流域和控制单元排污许可总量审核系统,编制和修订排污许可证管理相关技术规范,以水质达标为目标完善流域排放标准,完善基于水质的排污许可监管和处罚机制,尽快开展基于水质的排污许可示范,扩大公众参与等.“十四五”时期,建议我国的排污许可制应从重视系统体系构建,逐步过渡到基于水质的排污许可管理,并制订有针对性的管理法规和政策措施.      

车用儿童约束装置综述

交通事故是14岁以下儿童死亡的主要原因之一,儿童约束装置(ChildRestraintSystem,CRS)能有效减少交通事故中儿童的伤亡。笔者对车用CRS进行较全面的概述,介绍CRS的定义、工作原理、分类、影响其安全性能的关键部件、国外相关强制性法规、固定装置、试验描述、国外CAE在CRS研发过程中的应用现状等主要内容,并简要指出未来几年欧洲的CRS研究重点。在此基础上,展望我国CRS的研究重点及发展方向,并对我国的儿童交通安全、CRS技术及其应用,提出下列建议:加强宣传力度,强化人们对儿童乘员的保护意识;制定强制性法规,保证CRS的使用率;在技术方面,重点加强CRS的CAE分析和动态试验研究,开发出适合我国儿童使用的CRS。     

核电厂人因及组织行政管理安全审查体系

定期安全审查 (PSR)是国际原子能机构 (IAEA)近年推广的一种新的核电厂安全审查方式 ,它强调系统性、全面性和关键性。人因安全因素 (HF)、组织机构和行政管理安全因素 (OA)是PSR的重要组成部分 ,也是PSR中审查难度较大的部分之一。其难点主要在于如何用有限的评审指标去刻画出最能表征人因、OA对核电厂安全运行最具影响的特征因子 ,建立起科学的、系统化的审查体系 ,且该体系还需具有较强的可操作性。基于上述认识 ,笔者建立了核电厂人因及组织行政管理安全审查体系 ,它包含安全目标与方针、人员配备与资格、组织机构与管理、配置控制、培训、职业健康、运行经验反馈、质量保证、人 -机接口、遵章守法等 10类 19个要素。同时介绍了其评审指标、审查内容、审查方法和程序等。该体系已应用于秦山核电厂。     

金属氧化物在脱硫脱氮技术中的应用

许多金属氧化物在烟气脱硫脱氮技术中可用作反应的催化剂或SO2的吸收剂，针对其不同的功能，对国内外开发研究的金属氧化物烟气脱硫脱氮方法进行了分类归纳，并分析了各自的优缺点，指出了Fe2O3,MnO2,CuO等金属氧化物在烟气脱硫脱氮领域中的应用前景和进一步的研究方向。     

水处理中磁技术的应用研究进展

本文对近几年磁技术在水处理中的应用研究进展进行了比较全面的综述。内容包括利用磁的力学效应、电化学效应，生物效应和核磁效应处理污废水中有机物，由于该技术的独特性质和广泛的应用前景，加强磁场与其他多能场的综合利用，对保护环境和节约能源无疑具有重大意义。     

An evaluation paradigm for cumulative impact analysis

Cumulative impact analysis is examined from a conceptual decision-making perspective, focusing on its implicit and explicit purposes as suggested within the policy and procedures for environmental impact analysis of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) and its implementing regulations. In this article it is also linked to different evaluation and decision-making conventions, contrasting a regulatory context with a comprehensive planning framework. The specific problems that make the application of cumulative impact analysis a virtually intractable evaluation requirement are discussed in connection with the federal regulation of wetlands uses. The relatively familiar US Army Corps of Engineers' (the Corps) permit program, in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) responsibilities in managing its share of the Section 404 regulatory program requirements, is used throughout as the realistic context for highlighting certain pragmatic evaluation aspects of cumulative impact assessment.To understand the purposes of cumulative impact analysis (CIA), a key distinction must be made between the implied comprehensive and multiobjective evaluation purposes of CIA, promoted through the principles and policies contained in NEPA, and the more commonly conducted and limited assessment of cumulative effects (ACE), which focuses largely on the ecological effects of human actions. Based on current evaluation practices within the Corps' and EPA's permit programs, it is shown that the commonly used screening approach to regulating wetlands uses is not compatible with the purposes of CIA, nor is the environmental impact statement (EIS) an appropriate vehicle for evaluating the variety of objectives and trade-offs needed as part of CIA. A heuristic model that incorporates the basic elements of CIA is developed, including the idea of trade-offs among social, economic, and environmental protection goals carried out within the context of environmental carrying capacity.     

Reinventing marine spatial planning: a critical review of initiatives worldwide

ABSTRACT

Although marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly being applied worldwide, it appears to be based on an ambiguity that has arisen from its dichotomous role of ensuring both conservation and development. This elusive ideal hints at a possible discrepancy between theory and practice. This paper explores the hypothesis that beyond a performative narrative, MSP is actually better described as a variety of devices which fulfil other roles and converge in terms of planning type. To test this hypothesis, this paper analyses the content of past and present MSP initiatives from around the world. The findings show that these initiatives view MSP either as a strategic sectoral spatial planning tool or strategic planning tool, brought in to complement existing initiatives. Furthermore, these two approaches can actually be seen to converge in the type of planning used, through the role attributed to spatial aspects, and more specifically in the place given to zoning. There are two key implications of these findings: the need to open up theoretical debates more broadly to different disciplinary perspectives on MSP; and the need for crucial choices to be made to ensure that MSP does not become an illusion behind which other agendas lie.

Highlights

• Several scientific communities are working on MSP in parallel

• MSP does not in reality fulfil its theoretical objectives, but it fulfils other roles

• We make a critical review of 44 experiences of MSP from throughout the world

• Different forms of MSP generally make similar uses of zoning

• MSP is both illusory and necessary and must engage a critical turn

     

Predicting the distributions of marine organisms at the global scale

We present and evaluate AquaMaps, a presence-only species distribution modelling system that allows the incorporation of expert knowledge about habitat usage and was designed for maximum output of standardized species range maps at the global scale. In the marine environment there is a significant challenge to the production of range maps due to large biases in the amount and location of occurrence data for most species. AquaMaps is compared with traditional presence-only species distribution modelling methods to determine the quality of outputs under equivalently automated conditions. The effect of the inclusion of expert knowledge to AquaMaps is also investigated. Model outputs were tested internally, through data partitioning, and externally against independent survey data to determine the ability of models to predict presence versus absence. Models were also tested externally by assessing correlation with independent survey estimates of relative species abundance. AquaMaps outputs compare well to the existing methods tested, and inclusion of expert knowledge results in a general improvement in model outputs. The transparency, speed and adaptability of the AquaMaps system, as well as the existing online framework which allows expert review to compensate for sampling biases and thus improve model predictions are proposed as additional benefits for public and research use alike.