应用TOXI模型进行重金属在河流中迁移转化规律的研究

ＴＯＸＩ模型是美国环保局的ＷＡＳＰ（水质分析模拟程序）中的一部分。由于该模型考虑了污染物质在河流中溶解态，颗粒态和底泥态的分布关系，对于模拟重金属在河流中的浓度变化效果较好。为保证计算结果的可靠性，首先应对重金属浓度的衰减变化特性进行研究，本文重点讨论的是重金属在河流中迁移转化的过程，并如何将这一过程用数学公式来进行模拟。     

Screening 31 endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir

For screening 31 potential or suspected endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediments, a multiresidue analysis method based on gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was developed. Solid phase extraction (SPE) technology with Oasis^® HLB cartridge was also applied in sample extraction. The relevant mean recoveries were 70–103% and 71–103% for water and sediment, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) are 2.0–7.0%, 4.0–8.0% for water and sediment, respectively. Thirty one pesticides (-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, heptachlor, endosulfan I & II, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulphate, methoxychlor, hepachlor epoxide, -chlordane, γ-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, dicofol, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorpyriphos, nitrofen, trifluralin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin) in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir were analyzed. Concentrations of pesticides ranged from 7.59 to 36.0 ng g⁻¹ on a dry wt. basis for sediment samples, from 279.3 to 2740 ng l⁻¹ for pore waters and from 48.8 to 890 ng l⁻¹ for water samples, respectively, with a mean concentration of 10.7 ng g⁻¹ in sediment, 735 ng l⁻¹ in pore water and 295 ng l⁻¹ in water, respectively. The data obtained provides information on the levels and sources of endocrine-disrupting pesticides in Guanting reservoir. These results underscore the need to improved environmental protection measures in order to reduce the exposure of the population and aquatic biota to these endocrine-disrupting compounds.     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

苦草（Vallisneria natans）根系对沉积物中各形态磷的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法研究苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长过程中根系分布与沉积物不同形态磷和总磷的变化过程.在实验开始后20、50、80 d,分别测定苦草根系在沉积物的分布及沉积物中各形态磷的垂直变化.结果表明,苦草根系在实验装置中垂直分布在0~14 cm区域内.平均每株苦草根系根数为58条,平均根长为5.86 cm.苦草根系生物量在沉积物深度0~3、4~6、7~10、11~14 cm分配的质量分数分别为45.99%、32.75%、16.03%、5.23%.沉积物中总磷(TP),NaOH提取磷(NaOH-P)和有机磷(OP)含量在苦草根系分布集中区域内显著降低(P<0.05).HCl提取磷(HCl-P)和无机磷(IP)的含量无显著差异(P>0.05).     

针对地表来用水状况的水量水质联合评价方法

随着社会经济的发展,水资源与水环境问题愈来愈突出。为了摸清流(区)域水资源总量中不同水质的水量分布与变化情况,急需探讨和建立水资源数量和质量联合评价的体系与方法。针对地表来用水状况,分别从单元(集总)系统和复合(分布)系统出发,提出水量与水质联合评价的途径,以华北滦河为例进行了实例研究。结果表明,该方法简单、易于操作,能够直观地反映出流(区)域水资源数量和质量的时空分布状况,能够为流(区)域水资源综合规划、配置和水环境管理提供重要的决策依据。     

杭州西湖底泥释磷的初步研究

为了探讨杭州西湖底泥的释磷状况,通过对钱塘江引水前后西湖水体中总磷浓度的测定,根据物质平衡原则,求得西湖底泥平均释磷速率为3.49mg/m²·d,全湖年释磷量达7.22t。此外用实验室模拟法对底泥释磷的影响因素进行研究,结果表明,温度、pH值和扰动均能不同程度地对底泥释磷产生作用,其中尤以pH值的改变和扰动影响较大;结果还显示,微生物在底泥释磷过程中具有重要的作用。     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

蓝藻暴发对巢湖表层沉积物氮磷及形态分布的影响

以巢湖表层沉积物及上覆水体为对象,于蓝藻暴发前(4月)和蓝藻暴发期(7月)采集水样及沉积物样品,分析了氮磷及其形态赋存特征,并探讨了沉积物氮磷及其形态与蓝藻暴发的关系.结果发现,蓝藻暴发时,巢湖表层沉积物总磷减少,总氮增加,同时削弱了磷在空间上分布的异质性.从氮磷形态来看,蓝藻暴发未造成巢湖表层沉积物氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N)含量和比例的明显波动,但却造成了活性磷(弱吸附态磷和铁铝结合态磷之和)含量及比例的下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)以及有机磷(OP)含量及比例增加,生物有效性磷(AAP)的含量的减小.相关性分析表明,上覆水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)以及有机磷(OP)的含量显著相关(P<0.05),却与氮形态(铵态氮,硝态氮和有机氮)相关性不显著.巢湖沉积物磷(Fe/Al-P及AAP)对巢湖水体蓝藻暴发具有促进作用,而氮及其形态对蓝藻暴发作用较弱.     

泗河水环境容量及最大允许排污量计算

规范了水环境容量的定义和分类,建立了符合泗河水文、水资源特征和水环境状况的河流水环境容量模型,与GIS技术结合构建了适合北方地区的河流水环境容量计算程序和方法;摸清了水功能区-入河排污口-点源排放口的一一对应关系,提出了将水域环境容量转换为陆域点源最大允许排污量的估算方法。计算了泗河在满足水功能区划条件下的水环境容量及最大允许排污量,从而为制定该河流水污染物容量总量控制方案提供了科学依据。     

广西近岸海域沉积物环境质量现状与评价

根据广西近岸海域海洋沉积物环境质量现状调查监测,分析了沉积物中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、As、有机碳、硫化物、石油类的含量;通过对2003和2004年监测数据进行适当的数理统计处理,采用单因子评价方法对广西近岸海域海洋沉积物评价、分析,为广西海洋环境管理提供一定的科学依据。