跨界流域环境管理与预警——欧洲经验与启示

工业革命以后,欧洲流域的污染事故进入高发期,欧洲各国以流域为单位,共同商讨对策,联合开展治理工作,使流域水环境得到了很大的改善.目前,欧洲对流域的管理已经形成了一套较为科学、成熟的模式.针对中国水环境污染事故频发的状况,总结了莱茵河流域管理模式和多瑙河流域预警系统的发展经验,对构建中国流域范围内环境预警系统提出了相关思...     

邕江流域有机氯农药残留问题的初步研究

采用固相萃取和GC-ECD对邕江流域水体中17种痕量有机氯农药的残留状况进行分析测定,检测结果表明,邕江干流均检出硫酸硫丹,但有机氯农药浓度较低,均未超过现有相关标准。城市内河残留的有机氯农药以六六六为主,主要来自于长期的历史残留,而硫酸硫丹除朝阳溪和相思湖丰水期未检测到外,均普遍检出。方法检出限为1~5ng/L,替代物加标回收率为103.5%~112.0%。     

梳子坝淤砂形态特征试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,探讨梳子坝淤砂的形态特征、淤砂长度和回淤坡度等,初步得到:(1)梳子坝在全闭塞时,淤砂形态与实体坝相似,在淤砂区的前部,淤砂高度大致等于坝体高度,在淤砂区的尾部,都有一个明显的陡坎;梳子坝在部分闭塞时,淤砂形态与不闭塞情况下淤砂形态相似,在淤砂区的前部,都有一个缓坡。不闭塞时形成的缓坡坡度稍大于部分闭塞时的缓坡坡度,但都明显小于水下休止角,表明梳子坝淤砂形态异于狭缝坝。(2)梳子坝淤砂长度与切口宽度有关,大致有随着切口宽度的增大而减短的趋势;切口密度和泥石流浓度对淤砂长度有影响,淤砂长度有大致随切口密度的增大而堆积长度减短的趋势。(3)在相同试验条件下,梳子坝回淤坡度与实体坝相比大致相近,波动范围很小;在相同的切口宽度条件下,切口密度对回淤坡度有一定的影响,同时证明沟床坡度和泥石流的物质级配、容重及规模对回淤坡度也有一定影响。     

Repeatability,Sensitivity, and Uncertainty Analyses of the BANCS Model Developed to Predict Annual Streambank Erosion Rates

Accelerated streambank erosion caused by channel instability can be the leading cause of sediment impairment of streams. Obtaining accurate streambank erosion rates for sediment budgeting and prioritizing mitigation efforts can be difficult and costly. One approach to quantifying streambank erosion rates is through the development and implementation of an empirically derived “Bank Assessment for Non‐point Source Consequences of Sediment” (BANCS) model. This study aims to improve the BANCS model application by evaluating repeatability between users and identifying sensitive and/or uncertain model inputs. Statistical analysis of streambank evaluations conducted by 10 different individuals suggests the implementation of the BANCS model may not be repeatable. This finding may be due to sensitive model inputs, such as streambank height and near‐bank stress level prediction method selection, and/or uncertain model inputs, such as bank material identification and the associated adjustment of erosion potential. Furthermore, it was found assessing streambanks as a group by obtaining a measure of central tendency from individual evaluations, as well as obtaining a higher level of training, may improve model implementation precision. Application of these suggestions may result in improved prediction of streambank erosion rates utilizing the BANCS model methodology.     

底泥厌氧环境和光照对菹草萌发和幼苗生理的影响

通过向底泥中投加不同量的蔗糖使其发生厌氧反应以模拟不同程度的底泥厌氧环境，研究这种环境和光照强度对菹草石芽萌发和幼苗生理作用的影响。实验结果表明，底泥厌氧环境能显著降低菹草石芽的最终萌发率，且低光照会加剧这种趋势；尽管低光照不一定会提高最终的萌发率，但对提早石芽的萌发是有利的。在01%蔗糖投加处理中，幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量最高(平均为250和1928 mg/g FW)，其后随投加量的升高而降低，而游离氨基酸的含量却一直呈上升趋势，最高时达到024 mg/g FW ，但低光照却使它下降；可溶性糖含量基本不受底泥厌氧水平的影响，但随着光照减少而降低。随着厌氧水平的增加（从对照到05%蔗糖投加量），菹草的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现上升趋势，但在10%蔗糖投加处理中活性降至最低；而过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直处于下降趋势。研究结论是：底泥厌氧对菹草石芽萌发影响显著，这种影响可能比低光照的限制作用还要重要。轻度的厌氧环境反而能促进菹草幼苗的生理代谢，但随厌氧水平的升高对碳氮平衡和其它生理活动产生不利影响。此外，底泥厌氧环境对菹草幼苗的抗氧化系统也有明显刺激作用。     

TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENT: SPATIAL TRENDS AND SORPTION PROCESSES1

ABSTRACT: Sediment bound trace metals are often examined for spatial trends such as downstream patterns or distance from a source. Spatial trends may indicate either differences in metal inputs, or, when considerable sediment variability exists, differences in sediment sorption processes. These two possibilities become important not only when sediment contamination is evaluated within an area, but also when regulatory agencies attempt to make equivalent among area decisions. Sediments from an urban watershed were examined for: (1) downstream trace metal trends and (2) sediment sorption relationships. Analyses determined that downstream trenda as related to metal inputs could not be recognized by analyzing the < 2mm (≤, sand) sediment size fraction. Conversely, the trace metal concentrations were found to be distinctly related to sediment characteristics. The watershed's metal concentrations are similar to those found in uncontaminated to slightly contaminated sediments in the United States.     

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF TWO METHODS OF HARVESTING MATURE SOUTHERN PINE1

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic responses to logging with skidders and responses to logging with a cable yarder are compared. After a 23-year calibration with an undisturbed control catchment, mixed stands of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and hardwoods were clearfelled on two small catchments in the hilly Coastal Plain of north Mississippi and observed for five years. Runoff increased 370 mm (skidded) and 116 mm (yarded) during the first year with 1876 mm of rainfall, and 234 mm (skidded) and 228 mm (yarded) during the second year when 1388 mm of precipitation equaled the calibration mean. Sediment concentrations for the yarded catchment during the first two years averaged 641 and 1,629 mg L^?1, respectively, and yields were 6,502 and 12,086 kg ha^?1. Compared to calibration means of 74 mg L^?1 and 142 kg ha^?1, these extreme values can be attributed largely to transport of sediment stored in the channel and to erosion of subsurface flow paths, which was exacerbated by high flow volumes. During the first year, the concentration (231 mg L^?1) and yield (2,827 kg ha^?1) for the control catchment also exceeded the calibration means. However, concentrations (134 mg L^?1) and yields (1,806 kg ha^?1) for the skidded catchment were about 40 percent lower than for the control catchment during the first year, and were higher than those for the control only during the second year. Because deep percolation was limited and because rainfall was unusually high, increases in flows and sediment concentrations and yields probably approximate maximum responses to clearcut harvesting in the uplands of the southern Coastal Plain.     

HYDROLOGIC RESPONSES OF AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED TO VARIOUS HYDROLOGIC AND MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic responses from an agricultural watershed in southeast Nebraska were investigated under an array of physiographic, hydrologic, meteorologic, and management conditions. For analytical purposes, the hydrologic responses were narrowed to include only runoff and sediment yield. The study was performed by utilizing the ANSWERS (Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation) hydrologic-simulation model. Results of this study indicate that, generally, nonstructural (agronomic) Best Management Practices (BMPs) have a more significant impact in controlling erosion and nonpoint-source pollution than structurally oriented BMPs. The percentage of reduction in average soil loss as a result of changing tilage systems from conventional to chisel plow was in the mid-40s. The corresponding percentages of reduction in sediment yield from the watershed under minimum tillage and no-till systems were in the mid-60s and mid-80s, respectively. The impact of these management strategies on runoff varied considerably. That is primarily based on the watershed's antecedent soil moisture condition, land use, and the growth stage of crops. Generally, an intense, short, thunderstorm type of rainfall event had more relative impact on runoff, and therefore sediment yield than a long, gentle, and steady event.     

Phosphorus export by runoff from agricultural field plots with different crop cover in Lake Taihu watershed

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｔｅｒｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ,ａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｎｏｎｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｉｖｅｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ (Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙ ,1994 ;Ｈａｒｒｉｓ ,1995;Ｔｉｅｓｓｅｎ ,1995;Ｔｏｎｄｅｒｓｋｉ,1996;Ｄａｎｉｅｌ,1998) .Ｌａｋｅｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｓａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｓｕｒ…     

沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物生长的影响研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了沉积物再悬浮对苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potomogeton malaianus)2种沉水植物生长的影响.为期10周的实验发现,有沉积物再悬浮的处理组中,苦草的生物量显著低于对照组中(没有沉积物再悬浮)苦草的生物量;同样,沉积物再悬浮对苦草的分蘖和块茎数也产生了明显的影响;马来眼子菜的生物量和分蘖数同样受到了沉积物再悬浮的影响,但影响程度小于苦草.因此,沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的生长、繁殖具有的抑制作用,但这种作用因种类不同而有所差异.