机场噪声污染防治制约因素与对策浅析

随着我国航空运输业的迅速发展,机场噪声问题日益突出。飞机噪声控制标准不完善、机场选址不合理、降噪措施落实不到位等问题,不利于机场的建设和发展。环境影响评价作为控制机场建设项目环境风险重要的前置性的管理手段,对控制机场噪声的不良环境影响具有重要作用,也有利于实现机场选址和建设与当地有关的规划衔接,避免走“城市包围机场”的老路,有利于实现到机场和城市发展的协调。     

浅析城市景观格局对声环境的影晌

对不同城市景观格局下的声环境进行测量、分析,了解不同景观格局对声环境的影响,为城市格局的规划、建设提供一定的依据,建立和谐的生态文明。本次调研,除考虑景观布局因素之外,时间段、车流量、天气、其它声源等因素也考虑在内,分析比较各影响因子对声值的影响力大小,使数据更具代表性。     

噪声对安全注意力影响实验研究

为了研究作业环境中噪声因素对人的安全注意力的影响,对安全注意力类型及品质特征进行分析,建立安全注意力水平模型。设计噪声条件下的安全注意力水平测量实验,通过实验中不同噪声环境下人的安全注意力水平变化,分析噪声对人的安全注意力的影响作用。结果表明,噪声对人的安全注意力具有较为显著的影响作用;安全注意力的广度、稳定性、分配、转移均受噪声影响,安全注意力的稳定性及转移随噪声的增大而降低;当噪声值大于60 dB、70 dB时,噪声对安全注意力的广度及分配的影响较为显著。     

空中交通管制员胜任力模型及其影响关系分析

为揭示空中交通管制员胜任力结构及其元素对体系的影响关系,首先通过问卷分析建立管制员胜任力模型,然后结合三角模糊数、决策试验与评价实验室法构建胜任力影响关系图以分析各元素间的影响关系,最后模拟胜任力元素对体系的影响关系。结果表明:胜任力模型由元胜任力、社会胜任力、认知胜任力、职能胜任力构成,共15项指标;元胜任力影响社会胜任力与认知胜任力,这三者又共同影响职能胜任力,社会胜任力对认知胜任力也具有一定影响;按对胜任力体系影响大小排列依次为元胜任力、认知胜任力、社会胜任力、职能胜任力;按变化的难易程度排列依次为元胜任力、社会胜任力、认知胜任力、职能胜任力。管制员胜任力模型及其影响关系能为管制员安全管理中的人员资质能力建设提供一定的参考。     

Speciation study of lead and manganese in roadside dusts from major roads in Ile-Ife,South Western Nigeria

A speciation study of Pb and Mn in roadside dust along major roads in Ile-Ife, South Western Nigeria, was investigated. Pb and Mn values obtained by total digestion ranged from 22.23 ± 3.52 to 43.48 ± 3.05 μg/g and 35.93±0.15 to 83.76 ± 0.06 μg/g, respectively. The results of speciation analysis of Pb and Mn in the samples showed that the mean levels of these metals in the various fractions followed the order: organic matter>residual>Fe-Mn>carbonate>exchangeable and organic matter-bound>exchangeable>carbonate-bound>residual>Fe-Mn oxide-bound respectively. The speciation study therefore revealed that most of the Pb and Mn were associated with the organic matter fraction and that they were least available in the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide fractions, respectively. The apparent mobility and potential bioavailability for these metals in the road dust was Mn>Pb. There is a significant difference between the means of Pb and Mn in the road dust of the study area at p≤0.05, which strongly suggests that they may not have come from the same source; different sources may be responsible, which may be anthropogenic, such as tyre wear, vehicular emission, brake linings and natural.     

Work-related road safety: A case study of Roche Australia

Fleet, work-related or occupational road safety has the potential to make a major contribution to reducing both human harm and asset damage. To date, however, there would appear to be a dearth of well researched and evaluated case studies in the public domain in this area.This paper provides an on-going, documented, real-world case study of work-related road safety within an Australian company that has sought to manage, monitor and improve its road safety performance over the last 5 years through a range of proactive, fleet manager, insurance and risk-led initiatives.Roche Australia has successfully implemented a Company Motor Vehicle Safety Program with support from its fleet insurers and risk management advisors. Four key initiatives are set out covering: (1) Driver risk assessment, monitoring and improvement. (2) Policy development and communications. (3) Process and outcomes evaluation. (4) Continuous review and refinement of policies, processes, programs and future developments.The program has led to a range of process and performance-based outcomes. Typical barriers to success in work-related road safety have been identified and overcome. Almost 100% risk assessment and improvement process compliance by drivers has been achieved. A predictive relationship between risk assessment outcomes and collision history has been identified. Reductions in insurance claims, collision costs and claims ratio have been sustained. A detailed project plan is in place to continue the program for the next 3 years.The paper concludes that with effective management, a well developed work-related road safety program can result in performance improvements within the initiating organisation. Several limitations in the case study methodology, as well as areas for further work and lessons for policy makers, researchers and practitioners are also identified.     

基于仿真的交通事故机动车驾驶人识别方法

为正确识别交通事故中的机动车驾驶人,借助仿真软件,提出一种基于仿真的机动车驾驶人识别方法。先根据事故现场痕迹,借助Pc-Crash软件仿真车辆的运动轨迹;再根据Pc-Crash仿真所得速度、位置等信息,借助Madymo软件仿真乘员的运动;然后通过分析车辆运动轨迹、人体损伤和人体最终停止位置等仿真结果确定驾驶人。最后用该方法识别了一例2车侧面碰撞事故中的驾驶人,所得结果与警方调查结果一致。借助仿真方法并充分利用事故现场痕迹,能够识别机动车驾驶人。     

滤筒式除尘器的脉冲清灰噪声测试及分析

滤筒除尘器在使用过程中需要通过脉冲喷吹清灰来维持本身的正常运行,脉冲喷吹是以压缩空气为清灰动力,运行过程中势必会产生噪声,其在一些噪声有限值要求的场合,如空调净化系统中使用时,必须考虑降低噪声以达到相关噪声限值的要求。对滤筒除尘器在脉冲喷吹清灰时产生的噪声做了测试,并与空调净化系统中的噪声限值做了对比分析,提出了滤筒除尘器在空调净化系统中使用时对脉冲喷吹清灰噪声控制的具体而有效的解决办法。     

基于多指标约束的隧道集中排烟量设计模型

利用经典羽流模型计算烟气生成量来设计隧道集中排烟系统的排烟量存在设计量偏小的问题。从火灾烟气控制效果出发,选取排烟效率、烟气蔓延范围、烟气流动速度、人员疏散微环境4个指标,提出一套隧道集中排烟系统的评价指标,构建基于多指标约束的隧道集中排烟量设计模型。通过FDS 5.0对某越江隧道火灾时的各评价指标参数值进行模拟计算,得到该隧道集中排烟系统在20MW火灾时的最适排烟量为140～150 m3/s。研究表明,利用多指标约束的排烟量设计模型可提高隧道集中系统排烟量设计的准确性。     

基于山区公路线形判断的主动安全技术研究

为提高汽车在山区公路上驾驶的安全性,防止因驾驶员对不和谐线形的疏忽而造成的交通事故,利用采集到的各种驾驶信息和车辆行驶信息对公路线形进行判断,从而实现对驾驶员的预警。基于山区公路线形判断的主动安全技术,首次被提出。采用矩阵论的思想,将各种不和谐线形定义为状态矩阵,将各种驾驶信息和车辆行驶信息定义为信号矩阵。根据信号矩阵对判断不和谐线形的贡献值不同,建立初始权重矩阵。然后,通过Matlab软件进行迭代仿真,从初始权重矩阵过渡到最终的权重矩阵,该权重矩阵可以作为常量直接使用。用给定线形对最终权重矩阵进行检验,其结果表明:使用该权重矩阵对线形进行判断,得到的结果与给定线形一致。