饮用水中苯系物的检测方法研究概况

苯系物通常包括苯,甲苯,乙苯,邻、间、对二甲苯,异丙苯和苯乙烯等化合物,它们是重要的化工原料,可以通过各种途径污染饮用水进而严重威胁人类健康。通过对近十几年来国内饮用水中苯系物检测方法地综述及这些方法优缺点地比较,为进一步研究提供有益的参考,并对饮用水中苯系物检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Arsenic in groundwater and sediment in the Mekong River delta, Vietnam

A study of groundwater and sediment during 2007-2008 in the Mekong River delta in Vietnam (MDVN) revealed that 26%, 74%, and 50% of groundwater samples were above the US EPA drinking water guidelines for As (10 μg/L), Mn (0.05 mg/L), and Fe (0.3 mg/L). The range of As, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the MDVN were <0.1-1351 μg/L, <0.01-38 mg/L, and <0.01−14 mg/L, respectively. Elevated levels of As were found in groundwater at sampling sites close to the Mekong River and in wells less than 60−70 m deep. An inverse relationship was found between As and Mn concentrations in groundwater. Sediment samples from An Giang and Dong Thap had the highest As concentrations (18 mg/kg and 38 mg/kg, respectively). Arsenic sediment occurred mainly in the poorly crystalline Fe oxide phases. Reductive dissolution of the Fe oxide phase is not necessarily the dominant mechanism of As release to groundwater.     

环境中多氯联苯（PCBs）的分析方法研究

探讨了环境中多氯联苯（PCBs）来源特性和分析检测方法。讨论了目前较为常用的样品前处理方法,如溶剂萃取法、固相萃取法、固相微萃取法等,常见的检测方法包括化学分析法和生物分析法,并对PCBs分析检测的发展前景进行了展望。     

Cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of phthalate esters in environmental water samples

A method based on cloud point extraction was developed to determine phthalate esters including di-ethyl-phthalate （DEP）, di- （2-ethylhexyl）-phthalate （DEHP） and di-cyclohexyl-phthalate （DCP） in environmental water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet detection （HPLC-UV）. The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as extraction solvent. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and Na2SO4, equilibration temperature, equilibration time and centrifugation time were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method can achieve preconcentration factors of 35, 88, 111 and detection of limits of 2.0, 3.8, 1.0 ng/ml for DEP, DEHP and DCP in 10-ml water sample, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of phathalate esters in effluent water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lixivium of plastic fragments.     

Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

Formation of multiple trimethylsilyl derivatives in the derivatization of 17α-ethinylestradiol with BSTFA or MSTFA followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

N,O-bis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and N-methyl-N(trimethylsily) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) are common derivatization reagents used in the GC-MS analysis of estrogen steroids such as estrone (E1) and 17(-ethinylestradiol (EE2). In this study, three trimethylsilyl (TMS) steroid derivatives, mono-and di-trimethylsilyl EE2 and mono-trimethylsilyl E1, were observed during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA or MSTFA and/or GC separation. Factors influencing the production of multiple TMS derivatives and their relative abundance were examined. It was found that both methanol and bisphenol A competed with estrogenic esteroids when reacting with silylation reagents, and thus affected the formation of TMS derivatives and their relative abundance in the derivatization products. Methanol was found to be more reactive than bisphenol A with the BSTFA reagent. None of the three solvents tested in this study could prevent the generation of multiple TMS derivatives during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA, followed by GC analysis. A similar result was observed using MSTFA as the derivative reagent followed by GC analysis. Thus, the suitability of BSTFA or MSTFA as the derivatization reagent for the determination of E1 and EE2 by GC-MS, under the conditions reported here, is questionable. This problem can be solved by adding trimethylsilylimidaz (TMSI) in the BSTFA reagent as recommended, and the performance of the method has been proved in this study.     

尾矿坝浸润线数据挖掘预测模型的样本选取研究

本文分别应用时间序列功能模型和回归模型,在原始数据的基础上建立样本,并运用支持向量回归机算法对样本进行训练,得出了尾矿坝浸润线埋深预测模型并进行了实例应用。研究证明,运用时间序列模型选取训练样本能够得出更为精确的预测结果。     

改进的QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS法快速检测蔬菜中7种农药残留

研究建立了蔬菜中农药多残留的快速检测QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS方法,优化了实验方案,样品以0.1%乙酸的乙腈（V/V）作为溶剂,Agilent Bond Elut提取试剂盒对样品进行1 min提取后,用C18和Agilent Bond Elut净化试剂盒净化。结果表明：7种农药的平均回收率为72%～127%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～16.3%,检出限为0.004～0.022 mg·kg^-1。该方法减少了溶剂用量,缩短了检测时间,每个样品溶剂用量仅为20 mL,每个样品的前处理费用大约为30元,一个实验人员每日可以处理50～60个蔬菜样品,真正实现农残的快速、简便、廉价、有效、灵敏、安全检测。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAC除Cu2+、去浊性能

以壳聚糖、巯基乙酸等为原料合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰壳聚糖(MAC),研究了其除Cu2 与去浊的机理,并对几个因素做了考察.实验结果表明:①MAC具有除铜与去浊的性能,当MAC与HPAM复配时,效果优于单独使用MAC,Cu2 去除率可达98%以上;②用MAC处理Cu2 和浊度共存的体系时,废水中的重金属离子和致浊物质可以起到相互促进去除的作用,出水中[Cu2 ]＜0.5mg·L-1,浊度＜3NTU;原水浊度越大,越有利于Cu2 的去除;③Cu2 的去除率随原水pH值的增大而提高,浊度的去除率则反之.     

基于CTC-流式细胞仪活性细菌总数的快速检测技术研究

以大肠杆菌作为研究对象,建立一种5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride(CTC)染色结合流式细胞仪(CTC-FCM)的方法,以选择性检测水环境中具有代谢活性的细菌总数.该方法的原理是细菌与具有氧化还原性的染料CTC发生反应,形成红色荧光物质,被流式细胞仪特异性识别进而可选择性检测活性菌.研究结果表明,CTC染色的最佳反应条件为:CTC浓度为2 mmol·L-1、37℃避光孵育3h.该方法最低检测限为103个·mL-1.通过比较培养法和CTC-FCM方法检测热灭活后的大肠杆菌,结果表明CTC-FCM方法可准确区分活性菌和灭活菌,且与培养法之间具有较好的线性关系(R2=0.9465).应用CTC-FCM方法检测实际样品,结果显示该方法与培养法之间有较好的线性关系(R2=0.8121).本研究建立的CTC-FCM方法可满足饮用水水质标准需求,且检测时间比平板培养法缩短20～40 h,可以用于环境水样中活性细菌总数检测.