色谱分离工作条件的优化原则

气相色谱分离工作中,条件的设定至关重要,分析了载气及其流速、进样量和进样时间、柱温、进样器温度、检测器温度等因素对分离的影响,确定了在色谱分离中这些条件的设定原则。     

微波消解在环境监测中的应用

样品预处理在环境监测中是非常重要的一个环节，直接影响着测定结果的准确性。传统的样品消解方法操作繁琐，耗时长，分析人员工作强度大。微波消解是一种新型、高效的样品消解技术，具有快速、简便、污染少、分解完全等优点，已成为试样分解不可缺少的方法之一，在生物、食品、医药、环境等领域得到了广泛的应用。     

Estimator bias and efficiency for adaptive cluster sampling with order statistics and a stopping rule

Practical problems facing adaptive cluster sampling with order statistics (acsord) are explored using Monte Carlo simulation for three simulated fish populations and two known waterfowl populations. First, properties of an unbiased Hansen-Hurwitz (HH) estimator and a biased alternative Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimator are evaluated. An increase in the level of population aggregation or the initial sample size increases the efficiencies of the two acsord estimators. For less aggregated fish populations, the efficiencies decrease as the order statistic parameter r (the number of units about which adaptive sampling is carried out) increases; for the highly aggregated fish and waterfowl populations, they increase with r. Acsord is almost always more efficient than simple random sampling for the highly aggregated populations. Positive bias is observed for the HT estimator, with the maximum bias usually occurring at small values of r. Secondly, a stopping rule at the Sth iteration of adaptive sampling beyond the initial sampling unit was applied to the acsord design to limit the otherwise open-ended sampling effort. The stopping rule induces relatively high positive bias to the HH estimator if the level of the population aggregation is high, the stopping level S is small, and r is large. The bias of HT is not very sensitive to the stopping rule and its bias is often reduced by the stopping rule at smaller values of r. For more aggregated populations, the stopping rule often reduces the efficiencies of the estimators compared to the non-stopping-rule scheme, but acsord still remains more efficient than simple random sampling. Despite its bias and lack of theoretical grounding, the HT estimator is usually more efficient than the HH estimator. In the stopping rule case, the HT estimator is preferable, because its bias is less sensitive to the stopping level.     

MODELING STUDIES FOR PLANNING: THE GREEN BAY PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: A major contaminant monitoring and modeling study is underway for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Monitoring programs in support of contaminant modeling of large waterbodies, such as for Green Bay, are expensive and their extent is often limited by budget limitations, laboratory capacity, and logistic constraints. Therefore, it is imperative that available resources be used in the most efficient manner possible. This use, or allocation of resources, may be aided through the application of readily available models in the planning stages of projects. To aid in the planning effort for the Green Bay project, a workshop was held and studies designed to aid in the allocation of resources for a year-long intensive field study. Physical/chemical and food chain models were applied using historical data to aid in project planning by identifying processes having the greatest impact on the predictive capability of mass balance models. Studies were also conducted to estimate errors in computed tributary loadings and in-Bay concentrations and contaminant mass associated with different sampling strategies. The studies contributed to the overall project design, which was a collaborative effort with many participants involved in budgeting, field data collection, analysis, processing of data, quality assurance, data management and modeling activities.     

原子吸收法测定人发中的铜锌铁钙

以家用微波炉，全聚四氟乙烯微波消化罐和ＨＮＯ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２消解体系溶样，选择最佳溶样条件，对发样和标准物质进行测定，并和传统湿法（ＨＮＯ３／ＨＣＬＯ４）消解体系溶样做了对比，通过测定和比较，表明微波溶样具有较好的精密度和准确度，证明这一方法是可行的。     

A CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE TRANSFER DEVICE FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNI)S1

ABSTRACT: A sample transfer device was designed to provide a closed loop sampling system between a ground water sampling pump and a 40 ml volatile organic compound (VOC) vial. The same attachment can also be used with a bailer. The unit is constructed of a poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) body into which two stainless steel needles are press fitted. The needles puncture the Teflon septum of a vial; fluid flows through the longer needle into the vial and exits the vial from the shorter needle. The device eliminates sample transfer bias associated with head space, visible gas bubbles, and atmospheric contamination. Field sampling designed to determine differences in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations presumedly due to the device were statistically significant in one case, and insignificant in the second.     

集值统计法及其在安全评价中的应用

在安全评价中，许多评价方法所给出的结果都是用一个不变的确切数值点来表示。但在实际中，任何一个安全评价对象都是一个复杂的系统，具有很大的模糊性和不可预见性，而且其安全状况是不断变化的，因此用一个不变的确切数值来表示评价对象的安全状况比较困难且不符合实际。针对以上情况，提出了集值统计的方法，为安全评价提供了一种直观、有效的途径。     

从某正样机的鉴定试验谈可靠性试验设计

介绍了在正样机定型质量控制过程中,强化鉴定试验可靠性设计方法研究。从编制鉴定试验大纲、方案评审、试验程序控制、试验数据分析、试验过程组织和技术能力提高等关键环节入手。确定正样机置信水平,得出正样机功能及主要性能满足战术技术指标要求。     

土壤养分的空间变异性及确定样本容量的研究

从澄城、杨陵两地田块均匀多点采取的土样测定结果表明,土壤有机质、硝态氮、铵态氮和水分具有很大的变异性,这种变异性不仅表现在水平方向,也表现在垂直方向,但不同养分在垂直方向上的变异规律不尽相同。因此,在一定精度要求和误差范围内,相同养分在不同土层中的样品容量也不完全相同。只有根据误差理论确定出每层所需的样品容量,才能保证不同土层间的测定结果具有相互可比性。这一研究结果,对指导合理取样和决定样品容量,准确评价不同土层的养分含量,以及研究养分的动态变化等具有一定的参考价值。