离子色谱—电化学检测法测定溴和碘

用离子色谱-电化学检测法同时测定溴和碘。以0.025mol/ L硝酸钠为淋洗液,其酸度为pH6.0.施加电压为+0.2V,对测定溴和碘量为适宜。方法可用于天然水中μg/L级溴和碘的测定。溴和碘的最低检测限各为0.4、1.0μg/L。当溴浓度为3.2μg/L,碘浓度为62μg/L时,变异系数各为3.4％及1.8％。     

微波辅助溶样技术及其在环境监测中的应用

微波辅助制样技术是一种快速、低空白、二次污染少、节约能源并降低分析人员劳动强度的样品处理方法。对该技术的原理、特点和操作方法做了简要介绍，并对近年来该技术在生物、空气和废水、土壤和沉积物、固体废弃物等环境样品制备中的应用做了较详细的介绍和评述。     

用改进的凯氏法测定生物样品和水样中总氮方法的探讨

对凯氏法测定生物环境样品中总氮的测定方法进行了研究和改进，以简易装置代替凯氏消解装置，省略了蒸馏步骤。避免了称量时易造成的样品损失及蒸馏过程的氨氮损失。经过实际样品的测定，并与原测定方法进行了对比实验，证明改进后的测定方法具有准确度高，精密度好，实验装置及步骤简便易行的特点。缩短了实验周期，提高了氮的回收率。同时，用改进后的方法对水样进行了测定，也取得了良好效果。     

神经元网络在安全评价中的应用

利用人工神经元网络进行安全评价可以克服传统的安全评价方法的缺点,提高安全评价方法的精确度和可靠性。笔者在BP神经网络基本原理的基础上,利用机会约束的思想建立了综合安全评价模型;运用反向传播算法和遗传算法对神经元网络进行训练;进而就系统综合安全评价模型进行求解,并对运用神经元网络进行综合安全评价的优点进行了分析。最后,通过对实例进行综合安全评价,得出计算结果,同时也证明将人工神经元网络应用于安全评价的可行性     

激光粒度仪事故树分析

以LS-POP(Ⅲ)型激光粒度仪为例,结合作者的实践操作经验,用事故树分析法对激光粒度仪中的核心部件--循环进样器常见故障进行分析,同时对其提出解决的措施,使同行者能正确的使用和更好的维护该类仪器     

高效毛细管电泳法分离检测环境水样中的钙、钠、镁离子

采用高效毛细管电泳法对环境水样中溶解态的钙、镁、钠等金属离子进行分离检测。研究了络合剂α—HIBA的添加及其浓度、背景吸收质浓度、缓冲液pH、进样时间及电压对电泳分离中金属离子的迁移时间、分离度、峰形等参数的影响，确定了最佳实验条件。将该法用于环境水样中金属离子的检测，4．5min内钙、镁、钠3种金属离子完全分离，且试样预处理简单，重现性良好，回收率为94．8％～105．8％。与原子发射光谱相比，两种方法的相关性较好。     

EFFECT OF PRICE ON THE RESIDENTIAL DEMAND FOR WATER WITHIN AN AGENCY1

ABSTRACT: This paper develops a model that can be used to forecast the residential elasticity of demand for water within a district. Long-term water conservation programs and revenue and cost decisions hinge crucially on a determination of this elasticity. This study then pools cross-sectional (census) and time series data to generate elasticity forecasts for the Oakland urban area.     

INFLUENCE OF WELL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY ON SAMPLING DECISIONS AND MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Local governmental agencies responsible for decisions in ground water quality management need not only data on ground water quality but they also must understand the relationship of accuracies and risks associated with this data as related to the number of wells to sample. In this report we address this problem by using the philosophical doctrines of probabilism and relativism with simple statistical procedures. This requires a reasonable estimate of the population variance in a quality parameter for a given management-unit area, and requires that the decisionmaker formulate constraints with an acceptable standard error of the sample mean and be willing to accept some level of probability of being Wrong. This technique is illustrated using a 21-year data base of well water chemical data in a 653 km² ground water quality study area in the San Joaquin Valley of California.     

SAMPLE UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD LEVEE DESIGN: BAYESIAN VERSUS NON-BAYESIAN METHODS1

ABSTRACT: Bayesian and non-Bayesian flood levee design methods that account for the uncertainty due to limited record length are compared using a case study. The first method, Bayesian decision theory (BDT), imbeds the uncertainty in the parameters of the yearly peak stage into a loss function. The optimum design of the flood levee, called Bayes design, corresponds to the minimum expected loss, called Bayes risk. The second method, induced safety algorithm (ISA), computes a margin of safety to be added to either an existing levee or a levee designed by classical benefit-cost analysis. The design decision is shown to fluctuate as different record lengths are considered. For short record lengths, BDT, which takes small sample bias into account, appears to yield a more conservative design than ISA. On the other hand, ISA, which is simple to implement, seems to be preferable to BDT for longer record lengths.     

固相萃取—气相色谱法测定水样中痕量正构烷烃的研究

以正构烷烃为目标化合物,研究了影响固相萃取效率的某些因素,采用双柱串联模式评价了固定相的保留效果,探讨了有机改性剂对固相萃取效率的重要影响及作用机理,建立了水样中痕量正构烷烃的分析方法.在实验条件下,对于正构烷烃含量为250(g/I的水样,方法的平均回收率为98.5%,相对标准偏差为9.9%(n=5).