沙尘暴期间上海市大气颗粒物元素地球化学特征及其物源示踪意义

采集了2009年10月～2010年10月上海市普陀、闵行、青浦这3个区的大气颗粒物(包括沙尘暴期间),并在南通、郑州、西安、北京等沙尘暴输沙沿途城市追踪采集春季大气颗粒物样品,运用XRF及ICP-MS分别测试了样品的主量及稀土元素含量.闵行、普陀、青浦区这3个区的大气颗粒物的化学组成非常相似,表明样品物源相似.将主量元素数据UCC标准化显示,沙尘暴样品主量元素含量较非沙尘暴样品更接近于黄土,可能主要来源于西北内陆地区,部分为局地源物质.北方各城市沙尘暴样品的稀土元素配分模式一致,且与黄土相似,说明沙尘暴样品物质来源与黄土接近,以壳源物质为主,说明非沙尘暴样品与沙尘暴样品和黄土物质来源不同,有非壳源物质的混合.     

沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判别研究

利用二次因子分析法对大连市区5个大气自动监测点住所测的四种污染因子(CO、SO2、NOx、PM10)和风速(1997～2004年)资料数据进行分析,分析了当地污染排放累积和外来输送两种主要原因,对大连市空气质量的影响.通过进一步对CO、NOx、PM10因子得分之差(FS2-FS1)的分析,找出了适合确定沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判据,即(FS2-FS1)>0     

碳酸盐碳测定在沙尘暴来源地识别中的应用

根据中国大气颗粒物特点 ,在国内沙尘暴研究中首次尝试利用碳酸盐碳进行沙尘暴来源地识别。测定了一系列黄沙、大气颗粒物和沙尘暴源区土壤样品。初步了解了上述样品中碳酸盐碳含量情况 ,结合国外研究结果对影响北京的沙尘暴源区进行推测并与其他方法作了比较     

北京西北城区春季PM10单颗粒形貌类型及成分特征

主要对北京西北城区2010年度春季大气可吸入颗粒物的理化特征进行分析研究,通过利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜和图像分析技术研究了区内可吸入颗粒物的微观形貌类型及百分含量特征,利用扫描电镜及能谱分析研究矿物颗粒的元素组成及富集类型。结果表明,在西北城区春季大气PM₁₀中可识别出烟尘集合体、球形颗粒、矿物和其他未知颗粒等4种单颗粒类型,沙尘暴天气对矿物颗粒的数量比例影响较大,同时影响颗粒物粒度分布。矿物颗粒按成分可分为"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富Fe"、"富S"、"富Na"、"富Ti"、"富Al"、"富Cl"和"富Mg"颗粒九大类,沙尘天气与非沙尘天气的矿物颗粒均以"富Si"颗粒、"富Ca"颗粒、"富Fe"颗粒、"富S"颗粒等为主。     

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR STORM WATER AND INFILTRATION CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: Water quality controls of storm water runoff and infiltration should be a major part of a nonpoint source control program. Although surface runoff and ground water controls are often approached separately, coordination between the two is essential. For practical reasons, a rather simplified technology-based approach appears to be desirable. Areas affected vary greatly as to their sensitivity to pollution; and the various classes of pollutant source vary greatly as to their potential harmfulness. In effect, a matrix approach appears best, in which both vulnerability of the area and harmfulness of the pollutant source would have weight in determining which level of best management practices (BMP) would be appropriate, whether standard, special, or complete prohibition of the type facility under given circumstances.     

Sand-dust Storm, Population and Environment in Northwest China

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.     

METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUGUST 27-28, 1971, NEW JERSEY FLOOD1

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the meteorological patterns that produced the combination of heavy rains in August 1971 that resulted in record floods in New Jersey. Daily and hourly precipitation data and selected recurrence frequencies of rainfall amounts are tabulated. History of previous heavy rainfalls in New Jersey indicates that occurrences of very heavy rains are frequently associated with tropical disturbances. Flood damages, fatalities, warnings issued and areas of record river stages are summarized.     

PCDDs and PCDFs in water, sludge and air samples from various levels in a waste water treatment plant with respect to composition changes and total flux

A flux estimate of PCDDs and PCDFs through a waste water treatment plant has been made on an annual basis. The samples were collected from different steps in the treatment procedure within the plant i.e. inlet and outlet water, different sludge types and air samples. From the surroundings of the plant were collected samples of urban air, storm sewer water (urban runoff), plant discharge water and settling particulates from a sediment trap downstream the plant discharge. Differences in congener profiles were found between the samples taken within the plant compared to those collected outside. The flux of PCDD and PCDF equivalents through the plant was found to be approximately 0.4 – 0.5 g/year and the major part was taken away as digested sludge.     

Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China

Concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM(10) in Lanzhou China have been kept high for the past two decades. Data collected during the intensive observational period from October 1999 to April 2001 show high TSP and PM(10) concentrations. Starting from November, the PM(10) pollution intensifies, and reaches mid to high alert level of air pollution, continues until April next year, and is at low alert level in the summer. In the winter and spring, the TSP concentration is 2-10 times higher than the third-level criterion of air quality (severe pollution). Effects of intrinsic factors (sources of pollution) and remote preconditions (propagation of dust storms) for severe PM(10) and TSP pollution in Lanzhou are analyzed.     

河北省北部中雨后的强沙尘暴成因分析

本文利用常规观测资料和数值模拟的方法,对2002年4月6日发生在河北省北部中雨后紧接着出现的强沙尘暴天气过程进行了分析和诊断.结果表明:强冷空气爆发南下、致使斜压能量释放、地面气旋发展是有利于本次沙尘暴天气产生的大尺度背景;高空急流的高度迅速下降代表了动量下传,这是形成大风,产生沙尘暴的动力原因;在高空急流下方,日间湍流加强,湍流涡旋的下沉气流也是沙尘暴形成的动力因子,农谚称它是"刮地风",可见其机制作用;降水结束后,天气转晴,并出现6～7级西北风,在西北大风出现6个多小时的短时间内就能迅速使土表蒸发变干出现沙尘暴.