Scale and self-governance in agri-environment schemes: experiences with two alternative approaches in the Netherlands

Agri-environment schemes in the Netherlands have been criticized for their lack of effectiveness. Explanations were sought in the limited size of the individual farm and in the shallowness of the measures. We distinguish three scale problems: in the spatial dimension (from farm element to landscape), in the management dimension (from add-on measure to farming system) and in the governance dimension (from little to much space for self-governance by farmers). These scale concepts are used to translate insights from ecology and agro-economy to governance approaches. We analyse case studies of two new approaches: an area approach with group contracts and spatial coordination of agri-environmental measures, and a farming system with substantial adaptations of the farming concept. Both approaches have elements of increased self-governance and could offer inspiration for schemes elsewhere. We propose that appropriate space for self-governance is necessary when choosing another scale approach for making agri-environment schemes more effective.     

中部地区资源型城市质量与规模时空差异演化研究——以山西省为例

在“新常态”背景下,山西省作为全国能源重化工基地,其城市面临转型与发展双重压力。通过构建指标测评体系,运用熵值法与协调模型等方法对山西省11个地级市城市质量年均增长率和城市规模年均增长率间协调发展程度的时空格局进行了相关分析。研究表明：1）山西省整体城市规模变异系数较大,而城市质量变异系数较小;且山西省各地级市城市质量、城市规模及其城市综合发展水平时空差异变化明显,在空间上由北向南总体呈“W”型分布格局。2）山西省各地级市在2005—2010年与2010—2014年两个时间序列上,城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间的对比关系不确定,即存在城市质量发展速率超过城市规模或城市质量发展速度滞后于城市规模的现象。3）山西省各地级市城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间协调发展关系存在着明显的地域空间分异,且在不同时间序列上形成了不同的城市发展主导类型,需因地制宜地分类指导其城市建设。     

煤矿员工风险感知量表开发与应用

为检验矿工风险感知水平,提升其对风险的认知和应对能力,基于文献分析和访谈研究提取矿工风险感知初始测量指标,并编制测量量表,通过对162份调查数据的项目分析、探索性因子分析,净化测量指标体系,并明确矿工风险感知的测量结构;然后采用AMOS21.0软件对226份调查数据进行验证性因子分析;最后采用描述性统计和差异性分析等方法对该量表进行具体应用。研究结果表明：所构建的矿工风险感知测量体系包含风险知识和态度、风险后果认知2个维度、10个测量指标;所编制的矿工风险感知测量量表具有较好的信度、内容效度、聚合效度和区分效度;本量表在不同年龄、学历、婚姻状况、工种和工作年限的矿工群体间具有普遍适用性。量表可为煤矿员工的风险感知水平测量提供可行工具。     

荧光标记无磷缓蚀阻垢剂(PESA-X)的制备及其性能研究

针对绿色环保的无磷缓蚀阻垢剂无法用常规总磷检测方法监测的问题,为了实现对循环冷却水系统中的有效无磷缓蚀阻垢剂含量的实时检测与控制,将无磷缓蚀阻垢剂PESA与荧光示踪剂CBS-X按照一定比例复配制备荧光标记无磷缓蚀阻垢剂(PESA-X)。采用荧光光谱法和碳酸钙沉积法来研究PESA-X的性能,同时还建立以荧光强度为指标的动态阻垢模型。结果表明,PESA-X的荧光强度与其质量浓度呈正线性相关,其线性拟合方程为Y=18.805 X-5.26,R^(2)=0.9997。且PESA的阻垢性能基本没有受到荧光示踪剂CBS-X影响。PESA-X的稳定性良好,受pH、温度、光照时间等因素影响较小。通过动态阻垢实验可知,荧光强度(Y)与Ca^(2+)质量浓度(X)的线性方程为Y=2052.38X-198.20,表明了荧光示踪剂CBS-X与PESA同步消耗。因此,通过对PESA-X的荧光强度分析可以实时显示水处理系统内无磷缓蚀阻垢剂PESA的含量,从而实现用荧光强度定量循环水系统中无磷缓蚀阻垢剂PESA的有效质量浓度,为工业循环冷却水系统实时检测与控制无磷缓蚀阻垢剂的含量提供理论基础。     

超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮的生成及剥落机理研究

通过对超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮检查和剥落物取样,利用能量色散谱仪和X射线衍射仪对其进行试验研究。分析了T23管内氧化皮的成分和结构特征,阐述了氧化皮生成和剥落机理及其影响因素,并提出了防治氧化皮大面积脱落的措施,为减轻超临界锅炉高温受热面管内氧化皮的生成,避免超温爆管等提供了一定的基础。     

On the ASR and ASR thermal residues characterization of full scale treatment plant

In order to obtain 85% recycling, several procedures on Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) could be implemented, such as advanced metal and polymer recovery, mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, the direct use of ASR in the cement industry, and/or the direct use of ASR as a secondary raw material. However, many of these recovery options appear to be limited, due to the possible low acceptability of ASR based products on the market. The recovery of bottom ash and slag after an ASR thermal treatment is an option that is not usually considered in most countries (e.g. Italy) due to the excessive amount of contaminants, especially metals. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the characteristics of ASR and its full-scale incineration residues. Experiments have been carried out, in two different experimental campaigns, in a full-scale tyre incineration plant specifically modified to treat ASR waste.Detailed analysis of ASR samples and combustion residues were carried out and compared with literature data. On the basis of the analytical results, the slag and bottom ash from the combustion process have been classified as non-hazardous wastes, according to the EU waste acceptance criteria (WAC), and therefore after further tests could be used in future in the construction industry. It has also been concluded that ASR bottom ash (EWC – European Waste Catalogue – code 19 01 12) could be landfilled in SNRHW (stabilized non-reactive hazardous waste) cells or used as raw material for road construction, with or without further treatment for the removal of heavy metals. In the case of fly ash from boiler or Air Pollution Control (APC) residues, it has been found that the Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations exceeded regulatory leaching test limits therefore their removal, or a stabilization process, would be essential prior to landfilling the use of these residues as construction material.     

水吸收法处理低浓度氮氧化物废气的中试研究

对水在中试规模下吸收低浓度的氮氧化物废气进行了研究。分别研究了喷淋密度、温度、压力、气速以及氮氧化物浓度对吸收效果的影响,结果表明,综合考虑各种因素,喷淋密度在20 m3/（m2·h）,水温在15℃以下,气速小于0.28 m/s,废气浓度在400 mg/m3左右时,氮氧化物的平均脱除率可以达到50%左右;同时,随着压力的增大,吸收效率也增加。     

好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便堆肥中温降解的中试研究

控制温度为（35±2）℃,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在控制含水率为55%~60%和强制通风的好氧条件下,进行为期15 d的实验,进行了人粪便好氧堆肥的中试研究,重点分析了在堆肥过程中有机物的降解、氮素的迁移转化规律及生物量的变化。结果表明,粪便中有机物含量在前2天稍微上升,然后迅速下降,最终去除率为71.82%;随着NH₃-N释放量的增加,堆料中N_tot含量从第4天开始减少,最终损失 22.61%,其中N_org损失占74.35%,NH₃-N占23.52%;所损失的氮素有91.66%以氨氮的形式释放。粪便中的有机物和氮的含量能在8~10 d后达到稳定,且堆体无臭味;粪便中溶解性有机物为微生物的生长提供营养物质,因此生物量变化的过程与有机物降解的有着紧密的联系;病原菌在堆肥过程中得到有效去除,表明该反应器堆肥的无害化。     

Effects of Scale and Logging on Landscape Structure in a Forest Mosaic

Landscape structure in a forest mosaic changes with spatial scale (i.e. spatial extent) and thresholds may occur where structure changes markedly. Forest management alters landscapestructure and may affect the intensity and location of thresholds. Our purpose was to examine landscape structure at different scales to determine thresholds where landscape structure changes markedly in managed forest mosaics of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. We also investigated how logging influences landscape structure and whether these management activities change threshold values. Using threshold and autocorrelation analyses, we found that thresholds in landscape indices exist at 400, 500, and 800 m intervals from the outer edge of management units in our studyregion. For landscape indices that consider all landcovercategories, such as dominance and contagion, landscape structureand thresholds did not change after logging occurred. Measurements for these overall landscape indices were stronglyinfluenced by midsuccessional deciduous forest, the most commonlandcover category in the landscape. When restricting analysesfor mean patch size and percent cover to individual forest types,thresholds for early-successional forests changed after logging. However, logging changed the landscape structure at small spatialscale, but did not alter the structure of the entire forestmosaic. Previous forest management may already have increasedthe heterogeneity of the landscape beyond the point whereadditional small cuts alter the overall structure of the forest. Because measurements for landscape indices yield very differentresults at different spatial scales, it is important first toidentify thresholds in order to determine the appropriate scalesfor landscape ecological studies. We found that threshold andautocorrelation analyses were simple but powerful tools for thedetection of appropriate scales in the managed forest mosaicunder study.     

开发区外场中距离大气扩散模式对城区影响研究

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》中提出了对规划 (含开发区 )要进行环境影响评价 ,而开发区建设大多在城市近郊 ,与城区一般相距十几公里以上 ,大气环境影响评价中属中距离范围。本文分析了在复杂地形条件下中距离大气扩散模式的计算方法及其对城区的影响。