典型结构单轴和三轴振动响应对比研究

目的研究单轴振动与三轴振动对典型结构振动响应的不同影响。方法通过单轴振动及三轴振动的对比实验,以典型结构悬臂梁为研究对象,利用加速度响应测量法及动应变测量法,从不同角度研究单轴振动和三轴振动对试品造成的不同影响。结果相比于单轴振动,在三轴振动下试品谐振点发生改变的同时,谐振峰响应也更为明显。另外,由于三轴同振叠加耦合作用的影响,三轴振动下试品的响应量级也略大于单轴振动。结论单轴振动与三轴振动对试品会产生不同的考核效果。     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。     

A methodology for enhancing the reliability of expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment

In highly complex industries, capturing and employing expert systems is significantly important to an organization's success considering the advantages of knowledge-based systems. The two most important issues within the expert system applications in risk and reliability analysis are the acquisition of domain experts' professional knowledge and the reasoning and representation of the knowledge that might be expressed. The first issue can be correctly handled by employing a heterogeneous group of experts during the expert knowledge acquisition processes. The members of an expert panel regularly represent different experiences and knowledge. Subsequently, this diversity produces various sorts of information which may be known or unknown, accurate or inaccurate, and complete or incomplete based on its cross-functional and multidisciplinary nature. The second issue, as a promising tool for knowledge reasoning, still suffers from lack of deficiencies such as weight and certainty factor, and are insufficient to accurately represent complex rule-based expert systems. The outputs in current expert system applications in probabilistic risk assessment could not accurately represent the increasingly complex knowledge-based systems. The reason is the lack of certainty and self-assurance of experts when they are expressing their opinions. In this paper, a novel methodology is presented based on the concept of Z-numbers to overcome this issue. A case study in a high-tech process industry is provided in detail to demonstrate the application and feasibility of the proposed methodology.     

合成氨装置系统安全仪表系统安全完整性等级分析

论文在介绍安全仪表系统、安全完整性等级的基本原理基础上,综合分析了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)等系统风险分析理论的应用方法。并结合上述理论,确定了安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级(SIL)定级。以合成氨装置为例,应用HAZOP及保护层分析方法,得出了合成塔压力过高及废热锅炉液位过低2个场景下的安全完整性SIL等级。结果表明:合成塔装置仪表的SIL等级为1,废热锅炉仪表的SIL等级为2。     

中国矿业大学南湖校区噪声污染等级监测研究

以中国矿业大学南湖校区为例,采用分功能区监测布点的方法对校园各功能区人群密集地点的噪声污染等级进行监测和分析,以探明大学校园内各功能区人员密集时噪声所能达到的最大声级,并进行评价分析.结果表明:在人流密集状态下,校园内的各测点噪声等级均在60dB以上,处于噪声超限状态.故虽然校园内各测点全天的等效声级不超限或基本达到《声环境质量标准》(GB 3096-2008)的要求,但实质上校园声环境却时常处于"亚健康"状态.     

基于系统动力学的机械制造行业事故危险性综合评价方法研究及应用

为了研究机械制造行业综合危险性,应用系统动力学理论和方法,结合层次分析法(AHP)、预先危险性分析-作业条件危险性评价法(PHA-LEC)、模糊综合评价法以及安全检查表法(SCL)等评价技术,利用仿真技术构造机械行业危险性整体框架,研究机械制造行业突发事故的危险程度,并以"8·2昆山粉尘爆炸事故"作为具体实例,综合评价突发事故的危险性。     

中药废水处理工程应用研究

西安市某制药厂中药废水具有水量水质变化大,可生化性较差的特点.采用电解+水解酸化+ ABR厌氧+接触氧化+絮凝沉淀组合工艺对其进行处理;平均进水p(CODcr)=4 600 mg/L,平均出水p(CODcr)=42 mg/L,CODcr平均去除率为99.1％.实践结果表明,该工艺运行费用低,操作简便,易于维护,处理效果稳定,其出水各项指标均优于《黄河流域(陕西段)污水综合排放标准》(DB 61/224-2011)二级标准.     

保护层开采工作面采空区瓦斯分层治理

为实现保护层开采工作面生产过程中瓦斯不超限,在分析工作面瓦斯来源的基础上,提出了保护层开采工作面竖向分层治理瓦斯的思路。根据相似模拟结果,分析了采空区瓦斯流动范围和流动范围内孔隙率、风阻分布特征。采用数值模拟分析了Y型通风、Y型通风+采空区埋管及Y型通风+采空区埋管+高抽巷+高位钻场3种瓦斯治理方式下采空区瓦斯体积分数场,结果表明:采空区瓦斯体积分数在竖直方向和水平方向均具有典型的递变特征,距工作面越远,距煤层越高,瓦斯体积分数越大;合适位置的煤层顶板高抽巷对抽采来自上邻近层的瓦斯具有较好的效果,试验条件下高抽巷抽采瓦斯量达到了总量的36.4%~63.6%;沿充填墙的采空区埋管不能完全拦截下层采空区进入沿空巷的采空区瓦斯,随沿空巷长度增加,瓦斯体积分数增大,建议沿空巷长度控制在250 m范围内。     

煤矿安全状况随社会经济发展演化规律研究

利用安全效用原理系统地阐述煤矿安全生产投入产出理论,并借助安全经济学知识建立一个国家或地区的煤矿安全状况演化规律的理论模型。从理论上阐明煤矿安全状况演化的本质规律,并运用发达国家的安全生产发展历程的统计数据对该模型进行实证分析,同时通过该模型系统地反映我国现阶段安全生产与经济发展的关系。笔者认为:中央直属煤矿和地方重点煤矿基本上服从演化规律,但仍需要加大安全投入力度,乡镇煤矿近几年有偏离规律曲线的趋势;建议社会经济迅速发展阶段提高安全意识,加大安全投入,积极采取有效措施,把煤矿事故控制在可接受范围之内。     

Conservation of Marine Megafauna through Minimization of Fisheries Bycatch

Abstract: Many populations of marine megafauna, including seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals, and elasmobranchs, have declined in recent decades due largely to anthropogenic mortality. To successfully conserve these long‐lived animals, efforts must be prioritized according to feasibility and the degree to which they address threats with the highest relative impacts on population dynamics. Recently, Wilcox and Donlan (2007, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment) and Donlan and Wilcox (2008, Biological Invasions) proposed a conservation strategy of “compensatory mitigation” in which fishing industries offset bycatch of seabirds and sea turtles by funding eradication of invasive mammalian predators from the terrestrial reproductive sites of these marine animals . Although this is a creative and conceptually compelling approach, we find it flawed as a conservation tool because it has narrow applicability among marine megafauna, it does not address the most pervasive threats to marine megafauna, and it is logistically and financially infeasible. Invasive predator eradication does not adequately offset the most pressing threat to most marine megafauna populations—fisheries bycatch. For seabird populations, fisheries bycatch and invasive predators infrequently are overlapping threats. Invasive predators have limited population‐level impacts on sea turtles and marine mammals and no impacts on elasmobranchs, all of which are threatened by bycatch. Implementing compensatory mitigation in marine fisheries is unrealistic due to inadequate monitoring, control, and surveillance in the majority of fleets. Therefore, offsetting fisheries bycatch with eradication of invasive predators would be less likely to reverse population declines than reducing bycatch. We recommend that efforts to mitigate bycatch in marine capture fisheries should address multiple threats to sensitive bycatch species groups, but these efforts should first institute proven bycatch avoidance and reduction methods before considering compensatory mitigation.