基于级别差法的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术研究

地下水水质评价是地下水污染防控和水环境管理的基础.不同评价方法会得到不同的评价结果,因此如何选择合适的评价方法至关重要.目前,缺乏科学、客观的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术.基于此,以洛阳市为例,采用内梅罗指数法、模糊综合评价法和基于免疫进化算法优化的普适法（简称"普适法"）3种方法开展地下水水质评价,通过建立级别差方法,定量筛选最适用评价方法.结果表明:①模糊综合评价法-内梅罗指数法、普适法-模糊综合评价法、普适法-内梅罗指数法3种统计方法计算得到的级别差小于0的比例占比分别为34.62%、19.24%和46.16%,大于0的占比分别为19.23%、23.07%和26.92%,因此模糊综合评价法评价得到的地下水水质级别 < 普适法评价得到的地下水水质级别 < 内梅罗指数法评价得到的地下水水质级别.②模糊综合评价法最适用于研究区地下水水质现状评价,采用该方法评价得到研究区地下水水质分为优良（Ⅰ类）、良好（Ⅱ类）、较好（Ⅲ类）、较差（Ⅳ类）和极差（Ⅴ类）5类（参照GB/T 14848-2018《地下水质量标准》）,以良好和较好水质为主,造成地下水水质较差的组分主要为COD_Mn、总硬度、硝酸盐和汞.研究显示,级别差法可作为定量的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术,能够为地下水水质评价研究提供新的思路.      

旅游影响区等级划分及旅游影响指标的分析

采用TWINSPAN分类法,根据旅游对森林植被影响程度,划分为6个旅游等级影响区,反映了以游径为轴线的旅游影响水平空间格局变化规律;对12个旅游影响指标相关分析表明,有3对旅游影响指标间存在显著或极显著关系。其中剔除树桩影响系数和游径距离为极显著相关,旅游垃圾影响系数和剔除树桩影响系数、旅游垃圾影响系数和游径距离这2对指标均为显著相关;根据主成分分析的结果,有5个主成分所提供的信息量占全部信息量的81.88％,这5个主成分与12个旅游影响指标中的7个旅游影响指标关系密切。以7个旅游影响指标进行的旅游影响区等级划分与12个旅游影响指标所得结果是一致的,这就简化了旅游对植被影响评价和影响区等级划分指标的选取。     

湿地生态系统甲烷排放研究进展

湿地是大气CH4的主要自然来源。天然湿地每年向大气中排放的CH4占全球CH4排放总量的15％～30％。在厌氧环境条件下，CH4通过甲烷产生菌的作用而产生；在氧化条件下，CH4通过土壤中微生物的作用而被氧化和迁移。CH4从土壤中的排放和吸收经过几个生物和物理过程。湿地中CH4通量在时空两个方面都有较大变化，这种在空间上的变化与CH4产生、氧化和迁移过程有关，同时受不同地域的特殊因素如水文状况、植物群落、土壤温度等的影响。湿地水文条件是决定CH4排放的关键控制因子，表层土壤温度与CH4排放通量成正相关关系，土壤中氮含量也对CH4排放通量起作用。环境因子与CH4排放间的交互作用是非常复杂的，与CO2相比，CH4的产生在时空两方面更易于变化。目前关于湿地CH4排放的模型多为一维模型，主要模拟CH4在土壤中的产生过程，以及从上覆土壤、植被和水体进入大气的迁移过程；模型一般涉及不同深度的土壤温度、水位和净初级生产力。     

莱州湾地区土壤及底泥中多溴联苯醚水平及其分布

对莱州湾地区十溴联苯醚生产厂家附近土壤及底泥中的多溴联苯醚的含量进行了检测.所采集土壤和河流底泥样品中Σ8 PBDEs(BDE-28、-47、-100、-99、-154、-153、-183、-209) 的含量在58.2～7190.7 ng·g-1(干重)之间, 所有样品中,BDE-209 相对含量最高,其对Σ8PBDEs 的贡献为74.81% ～99.01 %.在8种PBDEs同族体的相关性研究中发现BDE-209与BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99呈现显著负相关,相关系数r为-0.842～-0.996(α=0.01).BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.805～0.994(α=0.01).产品十溴联苯醚在环境中的降解可能是测定样品中BDE-99、-100、-153、-154、-183的来源之一.     

建立空气质量综合评价指数的探讨

分析了空气污染指数(API)系统在评价空气污染水平中的不足,提出了在原API系统基础上进行指标拓展,增加能见度和PM2.5评价指标,建立空气质量综合评价指数（AQI）;分析了扬州市区PM2.5和能见度在雾霾日及正常日的百分位分布,确定了PM2.5和能见度分级值,并利用扬州市区环境空气质量监测数据进行了验证。     

黑龙江省未来30和50年气候变化预测

利用CCCma,CCSR,CSIRO,Gfdl和Hadley气候模式,对黑龙江省齐齐哈尔、佳木斯、哈尔滨和牡丹江等4个地区未来50年(2005～2050年)内,在GG,GS情景下的气温变化进行了数值预测.结果表明,在GS情景下,到2030和2050年,气温较目前均有较大增高.2030年年均温度可增高1.94℃,其中春季增高2.06℃,夏季增高1.29℃,秋季增高1.79℃,冬季增高2.66℃,说明冬季增温最大,依次为春季、秋季和夏季;其中西部齐齐哈尔增温最大,其次为佳木斯,再次为哈尔滨和牡丹江.2050年气温继续增高,年均将增高2.42℃,其中春季增高2.13℃,夏季增高1.68℃,秋季增高2.56℃,冬季增高3.21℃,冬季仍然是四季中增幅最大的,其次为秋季、春季和夏季.如果按GG情景考虑,未来气温较GS情景还要高出1℃,增温最大的仍为西部齐齐哈尔,增温最小的仍为牡丹江.     

特征分析方法在江河水质评价中的应用

本文着重介绍了特征分析方法的理论模型,并把该模型具体地运用到了吉林省江河水质评价中,依据其分析结果,对我省的江河水质污染程度进行了分级划分,相信对江河治理会起到一定的指导作用。     

A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island

Urban Heat Island （UHI） is considered as one of the major problems in the 21st century posed to human beings as a result of urbanization and industrialization of human civilization. The large amount of heat generated from urban structures, as they consume and re-radiate solar radiations, and from the anthropogenic heat sources are the main causes of UHI. The two heat sources increase the temperatures of an urban area as compared to its surroundings, which is known as Urban Heat Island Intensity （UHII）. The problem is even worse in cities or metropolises with large population and extensive economic activities. The estimated three billion people living in the urban areas in the world are directly exposed to the problem, which will be increased significantly in the near future. Due to the severity of the problem, vast research effort has been dedicated and a wide range of literature is available for the subject. The literature available in this area includes the latest research approaches, concepts, methodologies, latest investigation tools and mitigation measures. This study was carded out to review and summarize this research area through an investigation of the most important feature of UHI. It was concluded that the heat re-radiated by the urban structures plays the most important role which should be investigated in details to study urban heating especially the UHI. It was also concluded that the future research should be focused on design and planning parameters for reducing the effects of urban heat island and ultimately living in a better environment.     

现代中国海平面变化规律及发展趋势的初步分析

本文根据对大量实际观测资料的统计分析认为:中国区域海面里缓慢上升趋势,在此背景下,不同地区升降趋向和幅度差异巨大;控制海面变化的因素具有多元化特点;在今后数十年内,气候和海平面的自然变化不剧烈,温室效应所引起的海平面上升幅度不超过1～2mm/a。     

Greenhouse effect and coastal wetland policy: How Americans could abandon an area the size of Massachusetts at minimum cost

Climatologists generally expect an anthropogenic global warming that could raise sea level 30–150 cm in the next century and more thereafter. One of the impacts would be the loss of coastal wetlands. Although the inundation of adjacent dryland would enable new wetlands to form, much of this land is or will soon be developed. If developed areas are protected, wetlands will be squeezed between an advancing sea and the land being protected, which has already happened in China and the Netherlands, where people have built dikes for centuries. Unlike those countries, the United States has enough land to accommodate the landward migration of wetlands; but governments lack the funds to purchase all the coastal lowlands that might be inundated and the legal authority to prohibit their development. We propose a third approach: allowing property owners to use coastal lowlands today as they choose, but setting up a legal mechanism to ensure that the land is abandoned if and when sea level rises enough to inundate it. Although compensation may be required, this approach would cost less than 1% as much as purchasing the land, and would be (1) economically efficient by enabling real estate markets to incorporate expectations of future sea level rise; (2) constitutional by compensating property owners; and (3) politically feasible by pleasing people who care about the long-term fate of the coastal environment without disturbing people who either are unconcerned about the distant future or do not believe sea level will rise. This article demonstrates that it would be irrational to delay policy formulation until sea level rise projections are more precise. The cost will be small if we act now but great if we wait, and sea level is already rising along most coasts. The US government should develop a strategy in the next three years. The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred.