The effect of export to the deep sea on the long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Export to the deep sea has been found to be a relevant pathway for highly hydrophobic chemicals. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of this process on the potential for long-range transport (LRT) of such chemicals. METHODS: The spatial range as a measure of potential for LRT is calculated for seven PCB congeners with the multimedia fate and transport model ChemRange. Spatial ranges for cases with and without deep sea export are compared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Export to the deep sea leads to increased transfer from the air to the surface ocean and, thereby, to lower spatial ranges for PCB congeners whose net deposition rate constant is similar to or greater than the atmospheric degradation rate constant. This is fulfilled for the PCB congeners 101, 153, 180, and 194. The spatial ranges of the congeners 8, 28, and 52, in contrast, are not affected by deep sea export. With export to the deep sea included in the model, the spatial ranges of the heavier congener are similar to those of the lighter ones, while the intermediate congeners 101 and 153 have the highest potential for long-range transport. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer to the deep ocean affects the mass balance and the potential for LRT of highly hydrophobic chemicals and should be included in multimedia fate models containing a compartment for ocean water.     

山东沿海经济区海水浸染灾情与减灾对策

本文从发展沿海地区经济出发,以灾害学的基本观点,分析了山东沿海地区海水侵染灾害的现状、特点、危害、灾害成因及发展趋势;在此基础上,从整体角度提出了采取综合措施防害减灾的指导思想、基本原则、达到的目标,进而从开源节流、防治污染、合理利用资源,建立沿海经济区灾害预测、预报、预警系统等方面提出了减轻沿海地区海水侵染灾害,保护环境,利用资源,发展经济,变环境,生态恶性循环为良性循环的基本对策。     

Effect of initial pressure on explosion characteristics of 2, 3, 3, 3–tetrafluoropropene

With the popularity of refrigerants in the process industries, the potential safety problems caused by the use of refrigerants have attracted worldwide attention as people have realized their inherent explosion characteristics of refrigerants. This paper studied the explosion characteristics of refrigerant 2, 3, 3, 3–tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) at different concentrations and initial pressures based on a 20 L experimental apparatus. The experimental results illustrated the peak overpressure of R1234yf increased with the rise of initial pressure. At a constant ambient temperature of 25 °C, the maximum rate of pressure rise and deflagration index showed an N-shaped trend with the increase of the refrigerant concentration from 6.8% to 10%. The maximum rate of pressure rise and deflagration index increased first and then decreased with the increase of the refrigerant concentration at atmospheric pressure, while they presented an M-shaped trend at pressurization condition. The peak overpressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, and deflagration index reached 0.742 MPa, 4.04 MPa s⁻¹, and 1.1 MPa.m.s⁻¹ with a refrigerant concentration of 7.6%, respectively, which were less than those of refrigerant propane and difluoromethane (R32) at the optimal concentration. Furthermore, R1234yf exhibited better safety performance compared with refrigerant R32 in the same flammability classification.     

Water purification with sintered porous materials fabricated at 400℃ from sea bottom sediments

A sintering technology for preparing porous materials from sea bottom sediments was developed for use in water purification. The purpose of the present study was to develop methods for converting the sea bottom sediments dredged from Ago Bay into value-added recycled products. The sintered products fabricated at 400℃ were found to be very effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals.     

天津芦苇湿地影响碳储量关键参数的模拟优化

采用室内模拟试验的方法,研究了水位、氮沉降、电导率等单因素对土壤呼吸的影响,以及三因素对土壤碳储量交互影响的响应面优化,并得到了土壤碳储量最大的最优方案。结果表明:对于单因素试验而言,过高或过低的水位及氮沉降梯度均会对土壤呼吸造成不利影响,而电导率的增加对土壤呼吸呈显著抑制作用,当水位、氮沉降、电导率分别为-9 cm、20 g/m2、0.3 d S/m时,土壤90 d累积呼吸总量最大,分别为84.95μmol/(m2·s)、92.88μmol/(m2·s)和85.70μmol/(m2·s);响应面优化分析中,北大港芦苇湿地碳储量的最优方案为水位-5.49 cm,电导率3.52 ds/m,氮沉降13.40 g/m2,在此条件下预测的理论碳储量最大值为8.62 g/kg。该优化方案可为天津滨海湿地资源的合理开发利用及湿地保育政策的制定等提供参考。     

Can variations in visual behavior measures be good predictors of driver sleepiness? A real driving test study

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the association between variations in visual behavior measures and subjective sleepiness levels across age groups over time to determine a quantitative method of measuring drivers' sleepiness levels.

Method: A total of 128 volunteer drivers in 4 age groups were asked to finish 2-, 3-, and 4-h continuous driving tasks on expressways, during which the driver's fixation, saccade, and blink measures were recorded by an eye-tracking system and the subjective sleepiness level was measured through the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was then used to examine the change in visual behavior measures across age groups over time and compare the interactive effects of these 2 factors on the dependent visual measures.

Results: Drivers' visual behavior measures and subjective sleepiness levels vary significantly over time but not across age groups. A statistically significant interaction between age group and driving duration was found in drivers' pupil diameter, deviation of search angle, saccade amplitude, blink frequency, blink duration, and closure duration. Additionally, change in a driver's subjective sleepiness level is positively or negatively associated with variation in visual behavior measures, and such relationships can be expressed in regression models for different period of driving duration.

Conclusions: Driving duration affects drivers' sleepiness significantly, so the amount of continuous driving time should be strictly controlled. Moreover, driving sleepiness can be quantified through the change rate of drivers' visual behavior measures to alert drivers of sleepiness risk and to encourage rest periods. These results provide insight into potential strategies for reducing and preventing traffic accidents and injuries.     

北京冬季降尘重金属富集程度及综合污染评价

大气降尘可以反映大气颗粒物的自然沉降量,具有重要的环境指示意义.降尘重金属通过大气沉降进入土壤或水体,对人体健康、植物和水生生物等有危害作用.为了了解北京冬季降尘中重金属的含量水平、富集程度以及综合污染特征,于2013年11月~2014年3月收集了北京大气降尘样品49组,并用Elan DRC II型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测试了降尘中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co、V、Bi、Mo等10种重金属的含量.结果表明,北京冬季降尘中重金属Cd、Bi和Mo的平均含量不足10 mg·kg~(-1),Co、Ni和V的平均含量在10~100 mg·kg~(-1)之间,而Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的平均含量均超过100mg·kg~(-1);Cd、Zn、Cu的含量均超出土壤环境二级标准值,其中城区和近郊Cd、Zn、Cu的二级超标率分别为100%、97%、93.9%和100%、100%、81.2%.富集因子研究结果表明,Bi、Cu、Ni、Pb微量富集,主要来源于地壳或土壤源;Cd、Cr、Mo、Zn轻度富集,受自然源和人为源共同作用.论文在传统单一污染评价基础上,提出了"降尘重金属综合污染指数"模型,并探讨了北京降尘重金属的综合污染特征,结果表明北京城区冬季降尘中重金属的综合污染指数排序为CdZnCuPbCrNiVCo,并且Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb是冬季北京城区降尘中显著污染因子,其中Cd和Zn为极显著污染因子;北京近郊冬季降尘中重金属的综合污染指数排序为CdZnCuPbCrNiCoV,并且Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr是冬季北京近郊降尘中显著污染因子,其中Cd和Zn为极显著污染因子.     

人类活动对三峡消落带土壤亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化菌群落的影响

由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M.oxyfera)"主导的亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,ndamo)是碳循环中新发现的一个过程.已有研究发现三峡库区消落带有n-damo菌的存在.为了解人类活动对n-damo菌群落结构的影响,对三峡库区受人类活动干扰程度不同的消落带n-damo菌群落进行了研究.结果表明,人为干扰水平高的小河消落带n-damo菌基因丰度(8.98×102~3.31×105copies·g~(-1))整体上要高于白家溪(4.72×102~5.32×104copies·g~(-1)).此外,淹水都会导致两个地点n-damo菌基因丰度的增加.白家溪的n-damo菌丰度与累积淹水时间呈线性正相关,而小河的n-damo菌丰度与土壤总氮显著负相关.系统发育树和多样性分析表明,淹水前白家溪和小河相近高程土壤n-damo菌群落结构比较类似,但淹水后出现较大差异;较低高程土壤的群落多样性要明显高于较高高程土壤.消落带土壤中的n-damo菌群落具有明显的时空异质性,且淹水会导致这种异质性增加.淹水和人类活动对于n-damo菌的多样性具有同等的重要性.这些结果表明,淹水和人类活动都会影响消落带土壤中n-damo菌群落结构,而人类活动可能进一步增加n-damo菌的丰度和多样性.     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

海底重燃油对海胆繁殖及其子代发育的影响

利用室内流水式粘油砾石柱模拟实际环境中的海底重燃油,研究了重燃油污染的孔隙水对成年海胆繁殖力、配子质量及子代胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,暴露结束后（7d）,暴露组海胆的排配子率显著降低（P=0.033）,同时雌海胆繁殖力也显著降低（P=0.036,（1957917±811471）个卵细胞）;卵细胞的直径和精子的受精能力并未受到海底重燃油的影响.子代继续暴露48h,发现亲代暴露加剧了子代胚胎畸形程度,表明亲代暴露的毒性可传递给子代.进一步利用整合毒性指数（ITI）检测毒性传递的性别差异发现,与母本效应相比（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.54~1.45和1.1~2.57）,父本效应（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.82~1.95和1.89~4.04）在毒性传递过程中起着关键作用.