Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

气象舒适条件对呼吸系统疾病的影响

采用广义相加模型和分布滞后非线性模型,研究单个气象要素和以"通用的热气候指数"表征的多要素综合效应与北京市2009~2012年呼吸系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-响应关系,并按年龄、性别分层.结果表明,对全人群而言,高温效应即时,低温作用滞后;湿度<30%能显著增加发病风险,且效应持久;3m/s风速对应发病风险最低.少儿（≤ 14岁）受热胁迫影响最强,尤其突出高温高湿作用;成人（15~59岁）受冷胁迫影响强且滞后性;老年患者（>60岁）对冷胁迫敏感,着重防范低温低湿.采用舒适指数探讨环境对呼吸系统疾病的影响优于单要素表征,可加深对发病气象成因的理解,为科学预防、预测预警提供新思路.     

极端海况下AUV水环境模拟及定位控制研究

目的优化PID控制器,实现AUV在极端海况下的定位控制。方法本文基于Blendermann风载荷系数计算公式与ITTC双参数波浪谱及漂移力计算公式,在Matlab中建立极端海况风浪模型,对极端海况进行环境模拟;利用Simulink平台搭建基于PID控制器的AUV动力定位控制系统,优化PID控制器参数,对AUV进行定位控制研究。结果在该控制作用下,AUV仍由定位原点顺利抵达目标位置,在PID控制器作用下,系统约100s后达到目标位置状态附近进行微调,整体超调量约8%,在严峻的风浪环境中展现出理想的控制性能。结论本研究成功模拟了AUV的极端工作环境,并搭建了动力定位仿真台架,基于优化后的PID控制器实现了AUV在极端海况下的定位控制,为自主潜航器在恶劣环境中的作业能力保障及控制器设计研究提供了参考。     

海面上升影响山地海岸的两种机制及对策——以山东半岛东北部为例

根据距今4000a以来海面波动与河谷地貌、海岸地貌发育之间的关系,未来海面上升有可能导致入海河流发生溯源堆积,使河床纵剖面发生调整,海面上升在导致某些岸段蚀退的同时,还有可能使某些岸段的海淤进;河流溯源堆积导致的入海泥沙减少,可能使原有海岸蚀退加剧．对海面上升可能给山地海岸资源与环境带来的影响,建议加强观测与研究,进行合理规划与管理,并采取必要的工程措施．     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.     

环境噪声达标区建设的宏观经济效益分析方法

从环境经济学观点出发，运用系统论，数理统计等方法，分析环境噪声污染的直接损失与间接损失，达标区建设的硬件与软件投资、达标区建成后的直接与间接效益，建立了环境噪声达标区建设中损失－投资－效益三者的分析法，以价格机制和价值规律，促进环境噪声污染防治。     

Current uses of the EPA lead model to assess health risk and action levels for soil

The EPA lead model predicts mean blood lead levels and risk of elevated blood lead levels in children based on lead uptake from multiple sources. In the latest model versions, environmental data from individual homes within a community can be used to predict the overall blood lead distribution and percent risk of exceeding a specific blood lead level (i.e. 10 g dl^–1). Recent criteria used by the EPA to evaluate this information include no more than 5% of houses with a greater than 5% lead risk, and a community weighted-average risk below 5%. Environmental (primarily soil) and blood lead data from a residential community near a smelter were used to illustrate recent uses of the model. Scheduled remediation in the community will remove soil for approximately 60% of the houses (i.e. those with lead levels > 1000 mg kg^–1). After remediation, the model results indicate a relatively low community risk (0.5–1.9%), although the percentage of houses with lead risks above 5% ranged from 3 to as high as 13%, depending on the variation in blood lead and assuming the model's 7 g dl^–1 increase in blood lead with each 1000 mg kg^–1 increase in soil lead level. A comparison of the limited blood lead data with soil lead levels below 1000 mg kg^–1, however, indicated no apparent relationship. Given these uncertainties, less invasive actions than additional soil removal (e.g. exposure intervention, monitoring conditions, and follow-up as necessary) may be appropriate under the new EPA guidance for lead in soil.     

‘Coastal squeeze’— an historical perspective

The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situation in southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of ‘reclamation’ in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward— with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of ‘coastal squeeze’ probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize ‘coastal squeeze’ and the importance of dynamic coast, including the European Commission’s ‘EURosion Project’, which reported in 2004 (Salman et al. 2004).     

环渤海海冰弯曲强度影响因素分析

本文根据多年环渤海海冰弯曲强度试验结果，分析了诸单因子对海冰弯曲强度的影响，并给出了各海区海冰弯曲强度设计值，海冰的弯曲强度随着应力速度的增加，经过延性，过渡和脆性三个阶段，在过渡区，海冰的弯曲强度达到最大值。随冰温的降低和冰中盐水体积减少，海冰的湾曲强度增大。     

连支港近岸海域水质污染特征及综合防治措施

简述了连云港海域水质状况，指出工业废水、生活污水及以及农业、不产养殖等废水是导致海域水质恶化的主要原因，并提出了相应的防治措施。