当前可靠性增长试验存在的问题及建议

本文概述了当前在研型号可靠性增长试验的现状和存在问题,并提出了改进措施的建议。     

Black Sea beaches vulnerability to sea level rise

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) aims to promote sustainable management of coastal zones based on ecosystem and holistic management approaches. In this context, policies have to consider the complex interactions that influence the fragile equilibrium of coastal ecosystems. Beaches represent both valuable and vulnerable natural resources because of the various ecosystem services they provide and their sensitivity to climate change and sea level rise.We present the first comprehensive digital record of all Black Sea beaches and provide a rapid assessment of their erosion risk under different scenarios of sea level rise. Through the digitisation of freely available remote-sensed images on the web, we provide broad information on the spatial characteristics and other attributes of all Black Sea beaches (e.g. photo-based visual estimation of the sediment type, presence of coastal defences, urban development). These data have been assembled and stored in full Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) – allowing spatial queries, visualisation and data sharing – and are therefore particularly interesting to feed/supply web-GIS portals (coastal atlases) for visualisation purpose, spatial queries or spatial indicators calculations.The resulting Black Sea beaches database contains 1228 beaches, with a total coastline length of 2042 km with an area of 224 km². The majority of the Black Sea beaches have been found to have small widths (61% have maximum widths less than 50 m), whereas 47% of all beaches presented coastal defence schemes, suggesting an already serious beach erosion problem.The erosion risk of the Black Sea beaches was assessed through the comparison of their maximum widths with estimations of the sea level rise-induced retreat by an ensemble of six 1-D analytical and numerical morphodynamic models. Following more than 17,000 experiments using different combinations of wave conditions, beach sediment textures and slopes and 11 scenarios of sea level rise (up to 2 m), the means (best fits) of the lowest and highest projections by the model ensemble were estimated; these were then compared to the maximum widths of the Black Sea beaches. The analysis showed that sea level rise will have highly significant impacts on the Black Sea beaches, as for a 0.5 m sea level rise 56% of all beaches are projected to retreat by 50% of their maximum width. For a 0.82 m sea level rise (the high IPCC estimate for the period 2081–2100) about 41% are projected to retreat by their entire maximum width, whereas for 1 m sea level rise about 51% of all Black Sea beaches are projected to retreat by (drowned or shifted landward by) their entire maximum width, if the high mean of the model ensemble projections is used.Results substantiate the risk of beach erosion as a major environmental problem along the Black Sea coast, which therefore needs to be taken into account in any future coastal management plans, as a matter of urgency. As these scenarios consider only sea level rise, they are considered to be conservative. Although the present results cannot replace detailed studies, the database and projections may assist Black Sea coastal managers and policy makers to rapidly identify beaches with increased risk of erosion, valuate accordingly coastal assets and infrastructure, estimate beach capacity for touristic development purposes, and rapidly assess direct and indirect costs and benefits of beach protection options. They also provide the necessary inputs to advance discussions relevant to the Black Sea ICZM.     

Dynamics of heavy-metal transfer between biotic (Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule) and abiotic (water and sediment) components in marine environment (Bay of Martil, Moroccan Mediterranean coast)

This study deals with the transfer of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ti, Zn, and Cu) between abiotic and biotic components (Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule) in the inshore intertidal zones of Tetouan/Martil over 2 yr of investigation (1992-1994). Analysis of the heavy-metal accumulation kinetics in Cytheria chione and Cerastoderma edule shows that their highest contents occur during the spring-summer period when an important proliferation of the plankton biomass occurs. However, the accumulation of Cd is higher during the period between winter and spring. In general, heavy-metal concentrations are higher at Cytheria chione than at Cerastoderma edule. These results, according to previous studies, suggest the presence of significant correlations and dynamic reciprocal transfer of heavy metals among seawater, sediment, and molluscs. They also suggest that the level of contamination of decreasing heavy metals follows the sequence: sediment, organisms, and water. Among the molluscs investigated, the variability of the thallium (Tl) contents is difficult to detect due to the very weak presence of this metal in the analysed tissues.     

Function Zoning of the Major Function Development-optimized County： A Case in Shangyu,Zhejiang

The 11 th Five Year Plan has divided national functional zones in the basic unit of county-level administrative region. Af- ter implementation of national Major Function-oriented Zones (MFOZ) at prefec...     

三峡库区(重庆段)涨落带土地资源的开发利用模式初探

三峡水库是我国特大型水利枢纽工程,到2009年水库全部建成运行后将出现一个落差达30m的涨落带。涨落带土地肥沃,出露水面的时间长,光、热、水、土条件匹配好,有较大的开发价值。对涨落带进行保护性的开发利用,将缓解库区的人地矛盾、促进库区小康进程与可持续发展。论文以三峡库区的主体--重庆段为例,论述了三峡重庆库区涨落带土地资源的分布、特征及开发价值;阐明了涨落带土地资源开发利用应注意的5个原则问题;结合库区气候、地貌及水位变动等条件,初步探讨了涨落带土地资源开发利用的6种模式;对开发利用中可能存在的生态与环境问题进行了分析,提出了有针对性的建议;为合理制定涨落带的土地资源利用与保护规划提供科学依据。     

白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量研究

采用生态水位法对白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量进行了计算.该方法主要是从湿地的水文条件出发,通过对其长序列的水文资料分析,得出该湿地较适宜的水文条件,然后再与生态环境状况进行对照分析,从而得出湿地的理想和最小生态环境需水量.通过计算,得出白洋淀湿地的最小生态水位系数是0.94,理想生态水位系数大于1.10.由此,进一步计算出生态水位和生态环境需水量,该生态水位系数也为其它类似湿地提供了生态水位计算标准.白洋淀全年的月平均最小生态环境需水量为0.87×108m3,理想生态环境需水量为2.78×108m3.计算结果表明,湿地生态环境需水量夏季最大,冬季最小,符合季节气候水文条件变化规律;从实践角度看,其生态水的配置是可行的.同时,该方法可为国内其它湿地的生态环境需水计算提供参考.     

送风温度对三个污染源置换通风效果影响研究

对送风温度变化对含三个污染热源置换通风效果的影响进行了实验研究,分析讨论了一定热源强度情况下模拟实验房间温度场和气流组织特性,阐述了送风温度对热舒适性、热力分层高度的影响,并确定出最佳送风温度,研究结果对工程实践具有指导意义。     

广西近岸海域麻痹性贝类毒素分析

通过对近年来广西近岸海域贝类样品的麻痹性贝毒素小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱法检测结果的分析,表明广西近岸海域多处地区和多种生物含有麻痹性贝毒素;4～5月及7～11月为两个毒性值的年高峰期;GTX4、GTX5和GTX3毒素成分的检出率较高等。     

物质投入产出表在义马市物质流分析中的应用

结合义马市的社会经济系统,构建了基于三维物质投入产出表(PIOT)的物质流核算模型.从不同层次对该市的社会经济系统进行分析.结构分析表明,经济发展严重依赖本地资源,产业链短,经济结构层次较低,行业关联度低.电力行业和煤炭采掘业为控制资源、污染的关键部门.技术水平分析表明,技术水平低、循环利用率相对较低,使得资源投入、污染排放量大.宏观比较分析表明,人均物质流、物质流强度都较高,物质使用效率低下.要提高该市的资源使用效率、降低污染排放,可通过结构调整、提高技术水平及循环利用率等途径实现.     

货物列车空车直线地段脱轨机理分析与预防

对货物列车空车直线地段脱轨机理进行探讨 ,笔者认为脱轨是由于车辆蛇形运动波长与线路横向不平顺波长比例不合适或车辆蛇形运动频率与车辆轮对或转向架横向固有频率相等而产生横向共振导致。因此 ,提出提高线路横向不平顺标准 ,尤其是要消除连续性、周期性的反向波 ,对转 8A转向架结构上的缺陷进行改进 ,减小两钢轨间距以及从车辆部门获得轮对与转向架的横向固有频率等预防措施 ,设法避开根据上述机理所算得的列车共振临界速度 ,以尽量减少或消除货物列车脱轨事故。