锰砂表面改性去除酚类化合物的研究

本文叙述了锰砂表面改性(以下简称旧锰砂)处理含酚饮用水的实验研究,陈酚率可达99％。本实验对除酚因素(温度、pH值、流速和接触时间等)进行了实验研究。当进水酚浓度≤2.0mg/l时,经旧锰砂的吸附,可使酚浓度≤0.002mg/l。     

不同基质垂直流人工湿地对猪场污水季节性处理效果的研究

研究了3套不同基质垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节处理猪场污水的运行效果.结果表明,垂直流人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果随季节变化差异不明显,对有机物降解情况可用一级降解模型模拟;传统型湿地系统NH4 -N去除率在各季节稳定在52%,而沸石和沸石-煤渣型系统冬季NH4 -N去除效率分别从秋季的89.8%和93.4%下降至冬季的64.2%和73.5%,春、夏季回升至80%左右.冬季湿地系统中生物硝化与反硝化作用的减弱影响了垂直流人工湿地系统TN的去除;3套不同基质系统中,沸石-煤渣型系统各高度层硝化强度均为最高,沸石型和沸石-煤渣型系统的反硝化强度明显高于传统型系统,与实际运行过程TN去除率变化相吻合.采用沸石作为基质有利于系统的反硝化进程和TN的去除.垂直流系统对TP去除率随季节性变化波动不显著,但随着垂直流人工湿地系统的运行,基质层对TP的吸附逐渐饱和,去除效率明显下降.     

黑龙江省森林资源动态变化与发展趋势预测

以黑龙江省2004年统计年鉴的统计数据为依据,分析了全省森林资源现状的特点,并以近50多年来森林资源清查数据为基础,对森林资源主要项目的动态变化进行了客观的分析,力求寻找变化的原因.通过建立灰色预测GM(1.1)模型,预测未来时期森林资源发展趋势,提出了相应对策,以期实现科学经营森林以及森林资源的可持续发展.     

广州大田山垃圾填埋场空气中微量挥发有机污染物组成

以广州大田山垃圾填埋场为例，研究了在不同季节填埋场空气中微量挥发性有机污染物的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明，在春、夏季样品中可分别检测出47和64种化合物，其中有些化合物为USEPA优先控制毒害有机污染物；夏季样品中微量挥发性有机污染物的浓度大多比春季样品高，有的甚至高1个数量级以上。因此加强对垃圾的卫生填埋，尤其是加强对夏季的垃圾卫生填埋的科学管理，减少挥发性有机污染物向大气中的扩散，应给予充分的关注。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL HAZARDS IN NORTHERN CANADA: INTEGRATING INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVES WITH GOVERNMENT POLICY

A study of the relationship between natural hazards and climate change in the international context provides the background for a discussion of the expected changes. In the context of this global discussion, this paper reviews the current perspectives of those natural hazards that are likely to be influenced by climate change, using northern Canada as a regional case study. The northern implications of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are examined, including the status of climate change action by the northern territorial governments, the evolving role of indigenous people, and the responsibility for climate change impacts. The difficulties surrounding natural hazards research in remote locations, and the approaches of indigenous people to natural hazards are then presented. The paper concludes with a suggested policy approach for climate change and natural hazards in northern Canada, underscoring the need for more comprehensive adaptive strategies to complement the current tendency to focus on the mitigation of greenhouse gases produced in this region.     

INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY1

ABSTRACT: Historical trends in annual discharge characteristics were evaluated for 11 gauging stations located throughout Iowa. Discharge records from nine eight‐digit hydrologic unit code (HUC‐8) watersheds were examined for the period 1940 to 2000, whereas data for two larger river systems (Cedar and Des Moines Rivers) were examined for a longer period of record (1903 to 2000). In nearly all watersheds evaluated, annual base flow, annual minimum flow, and the annual base flow percentage significantly increased over time. Some rivers also exhibited increasing trends in total annual discharge, whereas only the Maquoketa River had significantly decreased annual maximum flows. Regression of stream discharge versus precipitation indicated that more precipitation is being routed into streams as base flow than as storm flow in the second half of the 20th Century. Reasons for the observed stream flow trends are hypothesized to include improved conservation practices, greater artificial drainage, increasing row crop production, and channel incision. Each of these reasons is consistent with the observed trends, and all are likely responsible to some degree in most watersheds.     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGE OF DROUGHT DISASTER IN CHINA IN RECENT FIFTY YEARS

Foreword　Inglobalview ,droughtdisasterisregardedasthemostserioustypeofnaturaldisasterintheworld ,whichhascausedthewidestrangeofeffectsandthebiggesteconomiclosses .Se veredroughtsmainlyoccurinAfrica ,India ,China ,formerSovietUnion ,NorthAmerica ,andAustralia,accountingforalmosthalfofcountriesintheworld .Droughtdisasteroccursfre quentlyinChina ,withwiderangeofinfluence ,whichisthemostseriousmeteorologicaldisas ter ,causingeconomiclossesinagriculture .Fromthe 50’stothe 80’sinthe 2 0thcent…     

Comparing Environmental Conditions Using Indicators of Pollution Hazard

/ Land use/land cover classifications for 1973 and 1991, derived from the interpretation of satellite imagery, are quantified on the basis of biophysical land units in a study area in southeastern Australia. Nutrient export potentials are estimated for each land unit based on their composition of land use/land cover classes. Spatial and temporal comparisons are made of the land units based on the calculated pollution hazard indicators to provide an insight into changes in the state of the environment and the regional significance of land use changes. For example, one ecosystem, unique to the study, showed a large increase in pollution hazard over the study period as a manifestation of an 11-fold rise in cleared area and an expansion of cropping activities. The benefits to environmental management in general are discussed.KEY WORDS: Land cover change; Nutrient export; Environmental condition; Pollution hazard; Agricultural pollution; Nonpoint source pollution; Diffuse pollution; Environmental degradation     

Climate Convention Implementation: An Opportunity for the Pacific Island Nations to Move Toward Sustainable Energy Systems

This article does not focus on adaptation or mitigation policy directly but on an allied opportunity that exists for the Pacific Islands via the auspices of the Climate Convention, because the existing very costly energy systems used in the Pacific Island region are fossil-fuel dependent. It is argued here that efforts can be made towards the development of energy systems that are ecologically sustainable because Pacific Island nations are eligible to receive assistance to introduce renewable energy technology and pursue energy conservation via implementation mechanisms of the Climate Convention and, in particular, through transfer of technology and via joint implementation. It is contended that assistance in the form of finance, technology, and human resource development from developed countries and international organizations would provide sustainable benefits in improving the local Pacific Island environments. It is also emphasized that mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not the responsibility of the Pacific Islands as they contribute very little on a per capita global scale and a tiny proportion of total global greenhouse gas emissions.     

Pressures,trends, and impacts in coastal zones: Interactions between socioeconomic and natural systems

This paper assesses the status of coastal zones in the context of expected climate change and its related impacts, as well as current and future socioeconomic pressures and impacts. It is argued that external stresses and shocks relating to sea-level rise and other changes will tend to exacerbate existing environmental pressures and damage in coastal zones. Coastal zones are under increasing stress because of an interrelated set of planning failures including information, economic market, and policy intervention failures. Moves towards integrated coastal zone management are urgently required to guide the coevolution of natural and human systems. Overtly technocentric claims that assessments of vulnerability undertaken to date are overestimates of likely future damages from global warming are premature. While it is the case that forecasts of sea-level rise have been scaled down, much uncertainty remains over, for example, combined storm, sea surge, and other events. In any case, within the socioeconomic analyses of the problem, resource valuations have been at best only partial and have failed to incorporate sensitivity analysis in terms of the discount rates utilized. This would indicate an underestimation of potential damage costs. Overall, a precautionary approach is justified based on the need to act ahead of adequate information acquisition, economically efficient resource pricing and proactive coastal planning.