复垦工业场地土壤和周边河道沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险

测定了上海郊区53个复垦工业场地土壤点位和23个周边河道沉积物点位中8项重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量,通过内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了复垦工业场地土壤和周边河道沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险.结果表明,复垦工业场地土壤中8项重金属均不同程度超过二级标准,其中Zn、Cu的点位超标率最为突出,分别达到了47. 17%和43. 40%;周边河道沉积物中重金属含量显著低于复垦工业场地土壤.复垦工业场地土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为11. 41,处于重度污染水平,其中Cu、Zn最为突出;周边河道沉积物重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为1. 26,处于轻度污染水平.从单项潜在生态风险来看,复垦工业场地土壤重金属除Cd(较强)、Hg(较强)、Cu(中度)外,均处于轻度潜在生态风险水平,潜在生态风险指数(RI)为385. 79,总体处于较强潜在生态风险水平;周边河道沉积物重金属除Hg略高于轻度外,均处于轻度潜在生态风险水平,潜在生态风险指数(RI)为83. 91,总体处于轻度潜在生态风险水平.总之,复垦工业场地土壤重金属Cu、Zn污染较为突出,考虑到毒性响应因素则Cd、Hg更应引起关注;周边河道沉积物重金属污染较轻,处于轻度潜在生态风险水平.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.     

萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞

采用硝酸和硫酸铜溶液浸提,CH2Cl2萃取并结合水相乙基化GC CVAFS的方法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞。该方法平均回收率97.8%,相对标准偏差≤10.2%,方法检出限为0.6pg/g,具有所需试剂少,不用连续萃取,简捷易行,回收率高以及精密度好等特点。     

不同布水方式下水平潜流人工湿地的水力效率

通过对4种布水方式(一般水平流式、波流式、对角流式、多点进水式)下水平潜流人工湿地的脉冲示踪剂试验,获得了不同布水方式的水平潜流人工湿地的水力停留时间分布曲线,并计算出水平潜流人工湿地的表观停留时间、平均停留时间、峰值停留时间.同时,根据不同停留时间的对比关系计算不同布水方式的相对水力效率.最后,由停留时间分布函数的对数正态分布拟合模型和连续混合反应器模型分别估算上述停留时间和相对水力效率.结果表明,不同布水方式和不同计算方法得到的水力效率为波流式一般水平流式对角流式多点进水式.     

近20年来鄱阳湖流域泛滥平原沉积物微量元素含量与污染变化

查明鄱阳湖流域微量元素的污染状况、识别其潜在来源并评估生态风险,对制定保护流域生态系统的有效策略至关重要.为了全面了解鄱阳湖流域5条主要支流泛滥平原沉积物中Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Sb、W和Sn等12种微量元素间隔近20 a的含量、污染水平和生态风险的时空变化状况,采用富集因子（EF）和修正综合污染指数（MPI）评价了微量元素的污染水平,应用潜在生态风险因子（E_r）和修正生态风险指数（MRI）量化了微量元素引发的生态风险,并对污染水平显著变化区域的污染源进行了分析和探讨.研究结果显示,近20年来,鄱阳湖流域泛滥平原沉积物中Cd、Zn、Mn、W和Pb含量分别升高了134%、26%、41%、25%和8%,Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Sb和Sn含量分别降低了35%、15%、22%、10%、14%和13%,Cu含量无明显变化;饶河、赣江和信江流域的Cd含量分别升高了331%、151%和107%,抚河、赣江和修水流域的Hg含量分别降低了87%、41%和40%;其污染变化主要表现为Cd污染加剧和Hg污染降级,整个赣江流域Cd污染升级至中度和中度-重度,饶河乐安江Cd污染升级至重度,抚河流域Hg污染降至无或轻微;Cd污染加剧导致综合污染升级,极度和重度污染点位比例由17%升至33%;极高生态风险点位的比例由11%升至22%,其高MRI贡献率元素由Hg变为Cd,源于Hg污染的极高生态风险点降至中等生态风险.鄱阳湖流域泛滥平原沉积物中微量元素的显著污染变化主要源于矿产开发与冶炼、工业和农业生产等人为活动.研究成果可为河流污染防治和流域生态系统的优化管理提供科学依据.     

超声波控藻对氮磷释放及水质变化的影响

为探究超声波控藻的底泥氮磷释放过程与水质恶化风险,本研究从太湖梅梁湾采集泥样、水样和藻样,采用低频超声波（35kHz,0.035 W/mL）处理不同对象（泥体系：底泥和水;藻体系：微囊藻和水;泥藻体系：底泥、微囊藻和水）,分析底泥与藻细胞的氮磷释放贡献率及水质变化过程.结果显示,20min内超声处理不会造成底泥氮磷的显著释放,40min后会造成底泥氮磷大量释放和藻细胞破裂.比较3个体系的水质参数变化过程后得知底泥比藻细胞的氮磷释放贡献率更大.超声处理对COD_Mn和TN有一定的削减效果,泥体系和泥藻体系在超声波作用后溶解性氮以氨氮和硝氮为主.为降低水质恶化风险,建议超声波控藻采用适当的超声强度进行短时间处理,避免底泥氮磷大量释放和藻细胞破裂.     

黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

采集了黄河湿地孟津段滩区表层水体和沉积物样品,采用C18固相萃取柱和索氏提取分离富集、气相色谱-电子捕获（GC-ECD）检测、气相色谱仪-质谱（GC-MS）确证的方法对样品中20种有机氯农药进行分析和研究.结果表明,研究区表层水体中有α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、4,4-DDT、七氯和艾氏剂等7种有机氯农药被检出,检出率为4.2%～62.5%,总含量为ND～12.21 ng/L;沉积物中只有4,4-DDE和4,4-DDT 2种组分被检出,检出率为50％～75％,总含量为ND～64.58 ng/g.表层水体中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均未超标,但表层沉积物中有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.组分分布特征表明,有机氯农药各组分在湿地水体-沉积物的迁移过程中,HCHs在水体中含有较高的比例,沉积物则是DDTs的最终归宿.表层水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的含量具有明显的季节性,从高到低依次为：丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期.源解析的结果表明,表层水体中,HCHs可能主要来源于环境中的早期残留,丰水期可能有林丹的近期输入或附近有林丹的使用;沉积物中,枯水期有机氯农药的污染主要源自环境中的早期残留,而平水期和丰水期则可能有新的污染源输入.总体研究结果表明该区域有机氯农药的来源具有面源污染特征.     

Metals Associated with Suspended Sediments in Lakes Erie and Ontario, 2000–2002

Sediment traps were deployed in the three major basins of Lake Erie, and the central (Mississauga) basin of Lake Ontario, and refurbished seasonally over the period 2000–2002. In Lake Ontario, sediment down-flux rates and corresponding contaminant down-flux rates were highest in winter during periods of unstratified thermal conditions, and generally increased with depth due to the influence of resuspended bottom sediments during all sampling periods. Lake Ontario suspended sediments exhibited the highest concentrations of metals; concentrations of mercury and lead frequently exceeded guideline values for bottom sediments. Contaminant levels in Lake Ontario suspended sediments were similar to concentrations in bottom sediments in the same area. There was a spatial trend toward higher suspended sediment metals concentrations from the eastern basin to the western basin of Lake Erie, which is similar to the trend in bottom sediment contamination. In the eastern basin of Lake Erie, which is the deepest area of the lake, there was no trend in down-flux rate with depth in 2001; however, down-flux rates increased with depth in 2002. Suspended sediments in the western basin of Lake Erie were determined to be largely resuspended bottom sediments; all western basin samples collected in the study exceeded the guideline value for mercury (0.486 μg/g).     

官厅水库主要入库河流(洋河)表层沉积物重金属污染特征及风险水平

洋河是官厅水库重要的入库河流,而水体沉积物污染将直接影响水库水质安全.因此,采集了洋河水系表层沉积物,研究了6种重金属的污染特征及风险水平.结果表明,洋河水系表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均值分别为0.34、59.91、30.64、30.85、39.51和129.27mg·kg~(-1).源解析表明,Cd、Pb和Zn主要来源于人为活动(富集系数EF1.5),Cr、Cu和Ni主要来源于自然过程.洋河水系表层沉积物单元素潜在生态风险顺序为CdPbCuNiCrZn,其中,Cd表现为强生态风险,特别是在支流清水河段呈现极强生态风险,其他5种重金属在流域尺度上表现为生态风险较小;6种重金属综合潜在生态危害指数均值为143.70,处于轻微风险等级.洋河水系表层沉积物中重金属无生物毒性或生物毒性发生率较低,但清水河段和干流中游段生物毒性发生率相对较高.     

柘林湾海水养殖区底泥中重金属生物有效性及生态风险评价

采集柘林湾海水养殖区8个位点表层沉积物样品,考察了沉积物样品中重金属含量、生物有效性和形态分布,并分别利用基于总量的Hakanson指数法和基于形态的风险评价指数(RAC)评价了沉积物中重金属的生态危害风险.结果表明,柘林湾海水养殖区大部分位点沉积物中重金属含量符合海洋沉积物质量Ⅰ类标准限值,少数位点Zn和Pb含量超过Ⅰ类限值但低于Ⅱ类限值.沉积物中重金属的薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)测定浓度(C_(DGT))与间隙水中的浓度(C_(IW))对重金属生物可利用性评估状况基本一致,Zn、Ni和Pb生物可利用性较高.沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn和Cu以残渣态为主,Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态为主.柘林湾沉积物中重金属总体存在轻度到中度生态危害风险,Cd和Pb生态危害风险较高.沉积物中Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cd的C_(DGT)与其弱酸提取态含量明显正相关,重金属弱酸提取态能较好反映其生物可利用性.