滇中抚仙湖沉积物元素特征与流域侵蚀研究

通过对云南滇中盆地高原深水湖泊抚仙湖沉积岩芯进行X射线荧光光谱（XRF）元素与磁化率连续扫描,结合聚类分析、主成分分析方法和其它相关环境代用指标,探讨了抚仙湖流域自1840年以来的流域侵蚀与人类活动特征.研究结果表明,抚仙湖XRF元素扫描的聚类分析结果具有明显的阶段性特征,可将其大致划分为3个阶段,即34~24cm（约1715~1813年）,24~9cm（约1813~1947年）和9~0cm（约1947~2018年）.基于抚仙湖沉积物岩芯中元素比值和低频磁化率的主成分分析,识别出的主成分1与主成分2的方差贡献分别为37.72%和25.73%.指示抚仙湖流域侵蚀强度的元素比值Rb/Sr、Ti/Sr、Ti/Rb公因子载荷较大（>0.6）,该结果表明,抚仙湖外源碎屑沉积物的元素比值对流域侵蚀与人类活动具有良好的指示意义.因此,本文使用湖相沉积中的环境代用指标对抚仙湖流域侵蚀与人类活动强度进行重建.研究结果表明,1840年以来人类活动加剧了流域侵蚀强度.自1990年以来随着流域生态环境的逐步恢复,侵蚀强度总体较弱.     

嵊泗海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染水平、分子组成及源识别

嵊泗海域是舟山渔场的重要组成部分,属于国家海洋特别保护区.为了解嵊泗海域表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的污染特征及潜在风险,于2017年6月采集了嵊泗海域18个站点的表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术确定PAHs质量分数及其分子组成,运用特征分子比值法和主成分分析法识别PAHs来源,并采用质量基准法与质量标准法对沉积物中PAHs潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:①除了Ace与Act外,其他14种PAHs均被检出.除A1站点外,w（Phe）最高,w（Flra）次之.检出的PAHs以3环和4环为主,占总量的71.21%,不同环数PAHs占比大小依次为3环> 4环> 5环> 2环> 6环.w（∑₁₄PAHs）范围为46.38~196.36 ng/g,平均值为109.40 ng/g.整体分布上,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）呈近岸高于远岸的分布特征.②嵊泗海域表层沉积物中PAHs以煤炭、柴油和生物质等燃烧源为主,部分站点同时受到燃烧源与石油源影响.③各站点的w（∑₁₄PAHs）均低于ERL和OEL,表明嵊泗海域潜在生态风险较小.④与国内外其他区域相比,嵊泗海域表层沉积物中w（∑₁₄PAHs）处于较低污染水平,尚不足以对当地渔业生态环境造成负面影响,但作为我国重要"蓝色粮仓",仍应加强其陆源排放监管.      

松花江表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃空间分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示松花江干支流表层沉积物中16种PAHs（多环芳烃）的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了2017年9月松花江干支流26个表层沉积物16种PAHs质量分数特征,并采用比值法对其污染来源进行解析,运用沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价其生态风险状况.结果表明:①松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）为169.76~3 769.19 ng/g,以3~6环高环为主,并且支流w（∑₁₆PAHs）（范围为169.76~3 769.19 ng/g,平均值为1 598.41 ng/g）高于干流（范围为459.92~2 092.58 ng/g,平均值为1 173.67 ng/g）,呈从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势.②松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）主要来源于生物质燃烧和石油燃烧.③松花江干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）总体处于低生态风险水平,个别支流点位（3个）会发产生经常性生态风险.研究显示,松花江流域干支流表层沉积物中w（∑₁₆PAHs）呈从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势,并且支流高于干流,但总体处于低生态风险水平.      

AQUATIC TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: A study has been conducted for the past two years on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this study were two fold; initially, the amounts of various heavy metals being contributed to the Saddle River by stormwater runoff, rainfall, and individual tributaries, etc., were investigated to better delineate the distribution of various sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment. Secondly, a series of benthal deposits from the Saddle River were analyzed to determine the fate of these metals once introduced into the receiving stream. A mass balance analysis of heavy metals in the Saddle River was performed to determine the amount of these materials contributed from unrecorded sources. The results of this study seemed to demonstrate the importance of considering the potential scouring of river sediments as a secondary source of metals in determinations of this type. The distribution of metals in precipitation samples collected in this study was found to be similar to that in runoff, with lead and zinc predominating. Relative concentrations of metals in precipitation as compared to those of stormwater were relatively insignificant. Metal concentrations of bottom sediments were found to vary considerably from sample to sample.     

河流底泥中甲基汞、乙基汞的测定

介绍了用气相色谱法(ECD)测定河流沉积物中甲、乙基汞的分析方法.前处理采用湿泥样品直接用盐酸溶液浸提,在酸性条件下用苯萃取,然后在中性条件下用盐酸-L-巯基丙氨酸-醋酸钠溶液提取,最后在酸性条件下用苯反萃取,萃取液直接进样分析.     

长江口洋山海域表层沉积物重金属的富积及其潜在生态风险评价

根据长江口洋山海域表层沉积物监测资料，利用变异系数法和富积系数法，对表层沉积物中重金属的空间波动程度及富积程度进行了分析，并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行了评价。结果表明：在表层沉积物所监测的重金属中，Pb元素的空间波动程度最高，其它重金属元素的空间波动程度较低，各重金属空间波动程度的顺序依次为Pb＞Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Zn；沉积物中Cu元素的富积程度最高，Pb元素次之，其它重金属元素的富积程度较低，各重金属富积程度的顺序依次为Cu＞Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cr＞Cd＞Hg。潜在生态危害评价结果显示：洋山海域表层沉积物中的重金属对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害较轻微，均属于轻微潜在生态危害程度，其轻微潜在生态危害程度顺序为Cu＞As＞Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Zn。     

The Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination On Metals Release From Coastal Sediment Suspensions with Aerated Sea Water

The zinc, cadmium, copper and lead release from the uncontaminated and contaminated coastal sediments with aerated sea water was studied. the metals transfer to the dissolved forms was monitored during one-two months by differential pulse anodic voltammetry (DPASV). the sediments with different initial degree of contamination were sampled in the Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan around Vladivostok-the biggest city in Russian Far East. Sediment contamination by metals led to increased release to solution of zinc due to sulphide oxidation and cadmium on account of organic matter decomposition. the copper behaviour was complicated by strong binding with organic matter and enhancements of copper release can only be seen in sediment with a low organic matter content. Significant lead transfer to dissolved forms was not observed regardless of sediment contamination. the temperature affected the release of cadmium and copper through enhanced organic matter destruction. the dissolved metal fluxes from the sediment transformation are compared with metal fluxes towards bottom. Such comparisons show that second contamination by dissolved metals of the studied coastal environment may be important for cadmium only.     

Dr Gwyneth Dorothy Howells (1925–2009), former Editor in Chief of Chemistry and Ecology

This paper presents the results of the examination of concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the middle of the Adriatic. the sampling area was chosen as part of the protection programme of the Adriatic Sea and is located at two transverse transects, each consisting of four stations. the sediments were collected during the summer cruise of 1990. Quantification of individual components was performed by Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC) using reference standards. Areal distribution of the concentrations of HCB, lindane, DDT and its metabolites, dieldrin, endrin and PCBs are presented. the values obtained varied within a wide range of concentration from 20 pg/g dry weight for lindane to 700 pg/g dry weight for Σ DDT and the sum of PCBs as Aroclor 1254 from 0.3 to 6.6 ng/g.

The main source of these compounds is thought to be from suspended matter entering the Adriatic sea via the River Po and transported by currents to its middle part.     

The effects of climate warming on microbe-mediated mechanisms of sediment carbon emission

Due to significant differences in biotic and abiotic properties of soils compared to those of sediments, the predicted underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms of soil carbon emissions in response to warming may not be applicable for estimating similar emissions from inland water sediments. We addressed this issue by incubating different types of sediments, (including lake, small river, and pond sediments) collected from 36 sites across the Yangtze River basin, under short-term experimental warming to explore the effects of climate warming on sediment carbon emission and the underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms. Our results indicated that under climate warming CO₂ emissions were affected more than CH₄ emissions, and that pond sediments may yield a greater relative contribution of CO₂ to total carbon emissions than lake and river sediments. Warming-induced CO₂ and CH₄ increases involve different microbe-mediated mechanisms; Warming-induced sediment CO₂ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network modularity, which was significantly negatively affected by the quality and quantity of organic carbon and warming-induced variations in dissolved oxygen, Conversely, warming-induced sediment CH₄ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network complexity, which was significantly negatively affected by warming-induced variations in pH. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic drivers for sediment CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in response to climate warming should be considered separately when predicting sediment organic carbon decomposition dynamics resulting from climate change.     

重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物性质研究

为了解重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了生活区、交通区、文教区、商业广场等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机物含量(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,研究了不同功能区沉积物的差异.结果表明:不同功能区排水管道沉积有不同的理化性质,沉积物的粒径,交通区>文教区>商业广场>居住区.沉积物的密度与有机物含量(VSS/TSS)呈负相关(R2=0.998).沉积物污染物含量空间分异性显著,COD含量,文教区>居住区>商业广场>交通区.TN和TP含量,文教区>商业广场>居住区>交通区,与街尘相比,TP呈现显著富集特点.对于重金属含量,交通区显著高于其他3个功能区,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 最大值分别为303.5、539、104、1.14mg/kg.