上流式厌氧污泥反应器在石化高浓度废水预处理中的应用

为了更加有效地处理己内酰胺高浓度废水,在原A/O处理系统前采用上流式厌氧污泥反应器先对高浓度己内酰胺废水进行预处理.工业应用结果表明:由于己内酰胺高浓度废水中含有大量的硫酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐等无机酸盐,因此必须严格控制反应系统进水的pH值在5.5～6.5之间,以有效保证系统平稳运行,防止酸化;当COD控制在8000～12000mg/L时,COD的去除率可达到55%以上,达到了处理后的水质要求.     

EGSB反应器处理米酒废水的启动方法研究

米酒厂废水由洗米、制曲用大豆蒸煮和酒蒸馏 3道工序中所排出的废水组成 ,是一种典型的高浓度有机废水。在采用EGSB反应器对其进行处理时 ,以处理啤酒废水的 UASB反应器中的颗粒污泥作为接种污泥可以实现快速启动。启动过程中 ,容积负荷的提高幅度以每次 2～ 3 kg COD/( m3· d)为宜 ,同时要保持出水的 p H维持在 8以上 ;为了防止酸化 ,应当适当地在进水中投加碱剂。采用 EGSB反应器在中温条件下处理该废水时 ,容积负荷可以达到 2 0 kg COD/( m3· d) ,COD去除率在 70 %以上。     

微波消解技术在沉积物样品重金属元素分析中的应用

通过利用微波消解—原子吸收法测定标准河流沉积物样品中重金属元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn的含量，优化了微波消解的工作条件，并与电热板消解法进行了比对试验。结果表明，微波消解法与传统方法相比无显著性差异，且高效快速、试剂消耗量少、节约能源。     

Representation of critical natural capital in China

Traditional means of assessing representativeness of conservation value in protected areas depend on measures of structural biodiversity. The effectiveness of priority conservation areas at representing critical natural capital (CNC) (i.e., an essential and renewable subset of natural capital) remains largely unknown. We analyzed the representativeness of CNC‐conservation priority areas in national nature reserves (i.e., nature reserves under jurisdiction of the central government with large spatial distribution across the provinces) in China with a new biophysical‐based composite indicator approach. With this approach, we integrated the net primary production of vegetation, topography, soil, and climate variables to map and rank terrestrial ecosystems capacities to generate CNC. National nature reserves accounted for 6.7% of CNC‐conservation priority areas across China. Considerable gaps (35.2%) existed between overall (or potential) CNC representativeness nationally and CNC representation in national reserves, and there was significant spatial heterogeneity of representativeness in CNC‐conservation priority areas at the regional and provincial levels. For example, the best and worst representations were, respectively, 13.0% and 1.6% regionally and 28.9% and 0.0% provincially. Policy in China is transitioning toward the goal of an ecologically sustainable civilization. We identified CNC‐conservation priority areas and conservation gaps and thus contribute to the policy goals of optimization of the national nature reserve network and the demarcation of areas critical to improving the representativeness and conservation of highly functioning areas of natural capital. Moreover, our method for assessing representation of CNC can be easily adapted to other large‐scale networks of conservation areas because few data are needed, and our model is relatively simple.     

China's endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda

The giant panda attracts disproportionate conservation resources. How well does this emphasis protect other endemic species? Detailed data on geographical ranges are not available for plants or invertebrates, so we restrict our analyses to 3 vertebrate taxa: birds, mammals, and amphibians. There are gaps in their protection, and we recommend practical actions to fill them. We identified patterns of species richness, then identified which species are endemic to China, and then which, like the panda, live in forests. After refining each species' range by its known elevational range and remaining forest habitats as determined from remote sensing, we identified the top 5% richest areas as the centers of endemism. Southern mountains, especially the eastern Hengduan Mountains, were centers for all 3 taxa. Over 96% of the panda habitat overlapped the endemic centers. Thus, investing in almost any panda habitat will benefit many other endemics. Existing panda national nature reserves cover all but one of the endemic species that overlap with the panda's distribution. Of particular interest are 14 mammal, 20 bird, and 82 amphibian species that are inadequately protected. Most of these species the International Union for Conservation of Nature currently deems threatened. But 7 mammal, 3 bird, and 20 amphibian species are currently nonthreatened, yet their geographical ranges are <20,000 km² after accounting for elevational restriction and remaining habitats. These species concentrate mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. There is a high concentration in the east Daxiang and Xiaoxiang Mountains of Sichuan, where pandas are absent and where there are no national nature reserves. The others concentrate in Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. Here, 10 prefectures might establish new protected areas or upgrade local nature reserves to national status.     

不同模式预测公路交通噪声的区别研究

文章在详细介绍常见公路交通噪声预测模式区别的同时,进行了不同公路项目的设定,对高速公路、一级公路、二级公路、三级公路、四级公路项目分别采用了上述预测模式进行预测,通过不同预测模式下不同公路项目交通噪声的对比、分析,得出"对于一般公路项目,适合在对车速、车型比等参数进行合理校核的基础上,采用HJ/T 2.4-2009中推荐模式进行预测;其它项目,适合通过类比同类项目的交通噪声影响的方法进行预测"的结论。由于本文采用的模式均为行业内认可的模式,其预测结果及表现特点有助于准确地反映和预测公路交通噪声。     

厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动研究

处理抗生素废水的厌氧复合床反应器单体有效容积为500 m3,根据反应器中有机物降解和细胞合成的关系,建立了进料有机负荷模型M_n=(1+k)n-1M₁和进料容积负荷模型N_n=(1+k)n-1N₁.根据启动过程中细菌的生长特性和进料有机负荷模型的计算,提出了厌氧复合床反应器启动运行的进料负荷技术方案,成功地进行了厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动.      

沉降速率作为选择压对好氧颗粒污泥性质影响

在序批式反应器中以普通活性污泥驯化而得的好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖为碳源,研究作为选择压的沉降速率对好氧颗粒污泥性质的影响。结果表明:作为选择压的沉降速率与反应器中SV值和MLSS成反比关系;在沉降速率变化过程中,污泥龄、耗氧速率、胞外多聚物和COD去除率均产生变化。在本试验条件下,改变沉降速率,能改变反应器中生物量的洗出量并在一定程度上影响微生物群体的组成,从而影响活性的生物学性能;但生物相的改变限度在一定范围内,存在着动态平衡。污泥龄的波动与不同沉降速率下反应器中污泥中的胞外多聚物含量的变化有关。大量的胞外多聚物在颗粒污泥表面形成粘液层,对颗粒污泥形成保护。不同沉降速率下颗粒污泥的的胞外多聚物发生变化,进而影响颗粒污泥的稳定性。     

补齐医疗废物和危险废物收集处理短板的思考和建议

为推动落实中共中央政治局会议提出的“加快补齐医疗废物、危险废物收集处理设施方面短板”有关指示精神,推进危险废物环境管理领域治理体系和治理能力现代化,结合全国医疗废物、危险废物环境管理情况以及新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间医疗废物应急处置情况,通过数据分析和政策文件系统梳理,识别出医疗废物、危险废物收集处置短板,并提出相应的对策建议.结果表明,目前仍存在医疗废物收集处置和管理有待加强、医疗废物应急处置能力薄弱、危险废物利用处置能力不匹配不均衡、集中处置区域合作和跨省（区、市）协同有待探索、处置产业有待升级发展等问题.建议编制实施全国医疗废物和危险废物收集处理设施建设规划,提升医疗废物环境管理和应急响应能力,提升医疗废物、危险废物调查评估和监管信息化能力,统筹建立健全多层次的危险废物处置设施体系,推动利用处置技术优化升级,通过加强顶层设计,聚焦重点领域,推进医疗废物危险废物补短板工作.      

多情景下湖北省交通运输碳排放峰值预测研究

为加快湖北省交通运输业实现碳达峰,利用湖北省2005—2019年人口规模、城镇化率、交通运输强度、能源强度等数据,构建扩展STIRPAT模型,并结合设置的基准、污染减排、节能降碳、绿色低碳4类情景(18种情景方案),对湖北省2020—2035年交通运输碳排放峰值进行预测.结果表明：(1)2005—2019年湖北省交通运输碳排放量总体呈现出波动上升的趋势;(2)在其它影响因素不变的情况下,技术性减排对交通运输碳排放的抑制作用大于结构性减排,且随着时间推移,其作用效果越明显;(3)绿色低碳情景下,保持人口和城镇化率中增长、经济水平高增长的情景方案最可能符合湖北省交通运输碳排放达峰路径,研究预测其碳排放于2030年达到峰值6330.2万t.最后,结合研究结论提出了具体可行的政策性建议.