乙酰辅酶A羧化酶:脂肪酸代谢的关键酶及其基因克隆研究进展

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)在脂肪酸合成和分解代谢中发挥着重要作用.系统介绍了该酶的结构与分类、生物学作用与应用、抑制剂的类型与作用机理以及基因克隆4个方面的进展.ACC在大多数原核生物中为多亚基型酶,而在大多数真核生物中为多功能型单亚基酶,在天蓝色链霉菌和古菌勤奋金属球菌中为另外两种特殊类型;但都具备3个关键的功能域,即生物素羧化酶(BC)、生物素羧基载体蛋白(BCCP)和羧基转移酶(CT).CT功能域作为潜在的靶标广泛应用于植物除草剂的筛选和哺乳动物肥胖、糖尿病等代谢疾病的药物设计中.ACC基因也成为转基因油料作物和生物柴油研究中重要的靶标基因.研究表明,植物质体中的β-CT亚基是多亚基型ACC的限制因子,而BCCP是脂肪酸合成的负调控因子.油脂的合成代谢十分复杂,且存在反馈抑制机制,因此克隆和表达ACC基因可以提高宿主中ACC的活性,但不一定能显著促进脂肪酸的积累.图2参52     

硫磺研磨起电特性的研究

工业生产硫磺粉的过程中,由于静电等因素导致生产过程中容易发生燃烧爆炸事故。本文就是为硫磺粉的生产安全进行基础研究。国内硫磺粉爆炸事故几乎一个月发生一次,给设备和人员带来很大的安全威胁。不同材料的特性是不同的,摩擦产生静电的情况也不一样,本实验主要研究硫磺粉和粉碎设备中主要材料摩擦产生静电的情况,了解硫磺粉的静电特性,为减少静电的产生或者消除静电寻找途径。硫磺粉碎设备———机械磨中主要的材料类型是不锈钢、刚玉和碳化钨,用这三种材料制成的研磨罐对硫磺粉进行研磨,测试表明硫磺全部带负电荷,碳化钨罐研磨起电效率最高,刚玉罐起电效果最小,静电量会随着时间的增加达到平衡。用不同粒径的硫磺粉进行研磨,实验表明粒径较大的硫磺粉比粒径小的硫磺粉产生的静电略少。     

Estimating irrigation water demand in the Moroccan Drâa Valley using contingent valuation

Irrigation water management is crucial for agricultural production and livelihood security in Morocco as in many other parts of the world. For the implementation of an effective water management, knowledge about farmers' demand for irrigation water is crucial to assess reactions to water pricing policy, to establish a cost-benefit analysis of water supply investments or to determine the optimal water allocation between different users. Previously used econometric methods providing this information often have prohibitive data requirements. In this paper, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is adjusted to derive a demand function for irrigation water along farmers' willingness to pay for one additional unit of surface water or groundwater. An application in the Middle Draa Valley in Morocco shows that the method provides reasonable results in an environment with limited data availability. For analysing the censored survey data, the Least Absolute Deviation estimator was found to be a more suitable alternative to the Tobit model as errors are heteroscedastic and non-normally distributed. The adjusted CVM to derive demand functions is especially attractive for water scarce countries under limited data availability.     

红阳猕猴桃果提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

探讨了红阳猕猴桃果提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响,采用冷冻干燥法制备红阳猕猴桃果提取物,观察其对小鼠碳粒廓清功能和环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠迟发型皮肤过敏反应的影响.结果表明,红阳猕猴桃果提取物高剂量灌胃可提高小鼠对碳粒的廓清指数和校正吞噬指数,可提高免疫低下小鼠的胸腺指数,增加耳肿胀程度.红阳猕猴桃果提取物对正常机体的非特异性免疫具有一定的促进作用,在一定程度上改善由环磷酰胺导致的免疫抑制,提高机体的特异性免疫功能.     

阿克达拉大气本底站NO2输送路径及潜在源分析

基于HYSPLIT模式和全球资料同化系统气象数据（GDAS）,计算了2015年12月-2016年11月阿克达拉国家大气本底站48 h气流后向轨迹,并结合同期NO₂小时监测数据,综合运用聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹法（CWT）,分析不同季节气流轨迹对阿克达拉NO₂污染物浓度的影响,并揭示不同季节NO₂潜在污染源区分布及其贡献水平.结果表明：冬季来自东南方向的气流轨迹占比最高,春、夏、秋季气流轨迹主要来自西北方向,来自西北的长距离气流轨迹NO₂质量浓度较低;WPSCF表明重度污染网格出现在冬季的风口区如阿拉山口、达坂城谷地,四季中度污染网格出现在准噶尔盆地及周边地区、额尔齐斯河谷、哈萨克斯坦东部和俄罗斯南部;WCWT和WPSCF潜在源区分布较为一致,WCWT分析表明春、冬两季的NO₂贡献高值区污染程度大于夏、秋两季,春、冬两季NO₂污染网格贡献值为6~9 μg·m^-3,夏、秋两季污染网格贡献值集中在5~7 μg·m^-3.对于阿克达拉背景站点而言,NO₂污染物总体浓度水平较低,揭示其NO₂输送轨迹和污染源区,为区域大气污染联防联控提供重要参考.     

快速求解pH平均值

论述了pH的概念及重要性,求解pH平均值的步骤和公式,列举了在EXCEL中求解pH平均值的几种方法并做了比较,给出了自定义函数求pH平均值的代码并说明了使用方法。     

Parametric study along with selection of optimal solutions in dry wire cut machining of cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co)

This work deals with parametric study of dry wire EDM (WEDM) process of cemented tungsten carbide. Experiments have been conducted using air as dielectric medium to investigate effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, gap set voltage, discharge current and wire tension on cutting velocity (CV) surface roughness (SR) and oversize (OS). Firstly, a series of exploratory experiments were carried out to identify appropriate gas and its pressure. Afterward, preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate effects of process parameters on dry WEDM characteristics and find appropriate ranges for each factor. Then a central composite rotatable method was employed to design experiments based on response surface methodology (RSM). Empirical models were developed to create relationships between process factors and responses by considering to analysis of variances (ANOVA). To increase the predictability of the process, intelligent models have been developed based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and accuracy of these models was compared with mathematical models based on root mean square error (RMSE) and prediction error percent (PEP). In order to select optimal solutions in the cases of single-objective and multi-objectives optimization problems, optimization includes two main approaches. First approach was based on mathematical model and desirability function. Also second approach was designed based on neural network and particle swarm optimization. These approaches were applied in both cases of single-objective and multi-objectives optimization problems and their results were compared with together. Results indicated that selection of air at inlet pressure of 1.5 bar is really appropriate for conducting experiments of next stages. Also, the BPNN creates more accurate prediction rather than mathematical model. Moreover, the BPNN-PSO approach was more efficient in optimization of process rather than mathematical model-desirability function in respect with validation tests.     

ISO/FDIS9223:2011E中剂量响应函数应用浅析

采用剂量响应函数法、关键因素法、标准金属法评估了我国9个大气腐蚀试验站的大气腐蚀特性,探讨了ISO/FDIS 9223：2011E中剂量响应函数的适用范围、评估误差、温湿度对SO2和Cl-腐蚀性的影响等。分析表明,剂量响应函数法适用于评估有SO2或Cl-污染的大气环境腐蚀性,评估效果与ISO 9223—1992中的关键因素法相当,响应函数式中温度、湿度对污染物的腐蚀作用影响还有待进一步验证。     

微塑料和镉复合污染对狼尾草根际土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

微塑料和重金属复合污染对植物生长和根际微生物群落和功能的影响目前尚未清晰.以狼尾草为实验材料进行盆栽模拟试验,研究重金属镉（Cd）与不同种类MPs （PE、PS）、粒径（13 μm和550 μm）、质量分数（0.1%和1%）的微塑料复合污染对狼尾草生长、重金属积累和根际微生物群落功能的影响.结果表明,MPs和Cd复合污染条件下整体呈现对植物生长胁迫增加、Cd含量和积累量降低的趋势.MPs和Cd复合污染能改变细菌群落组成,降低细菌多样性,其中550 μm 0.1% PE+Cd处理组ACE指数和Chao1指数降低最显著.与单一Cd污染相比,不同MPs种类、质量分数和粒径的MPs添加能改变新陈代谢、氨基酸的转运和代谢、能量生成和转换等功能组的基因丰度,显著影响狼尾草根际土壤细菌的功能.研究采用宏基因组学的方法分析了MPs和Cd复合污染对狼尾草根际细菌群落和功能的影响,可为MPs重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应及其生物修复提供基础数据和科学依据.     

基于集对云的机坪运行管理移交安全评价研究*

为对航空器机坪运行管理移交下运行安全状况做出科学合理的评价,结合具体机场的机坪运行复杂性,首先引入PSR模型,从压力、状态和响应3个方面构建管理移交机场机坪运行安全评价指标体系;随后使用熵值法进行指标权重计算,并运用欧几里得度量函数进行组合赋权;接着引入集对理论和云模型,结合组合权重使用正向云发生器确定综合云联系度,利用Python绘制等级云图,评判系统安全等级;最后以某大型机场为例进行验证。研究结果表明:本文所提出的机坪运行管理移交安全评估评价方法经验证与实际运行情况相符,能够为机坪运行安全评价提供理论参考。