鄱阳湖湿地土壤酶及微生物生物量的剖面分布特征

为探明淡水沼泽湿地土壤微生物功能活性随土壤剖面深度的变化,以鄱阳湖区内典型的苔草湿地土壤为研究对象,选择剖面深度为1 m共5层(0~20、>20~40、>40~60、>60~80、>80~100 cm)的土壤,对土壤酶[Bglu(β-葡萄糖苷酶)、NAG(乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶)、Bxyl(β-木糖苷酶)、Phos(酸性磷酸酶)、Phox(酚氧化酶)、Pero(过氧化物酶)]活性、w(MBC)(微生物生物量碳含量)和w(MBN)(微生物生物量氮含量)及土壤理化性质进行研究.结果表明,代表微生物功能活性的土壤酶和w(MBC)、w(MBN)均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的酶活性和w(MBC)、w(MBN)均显著高于深层土壤.值得注意的是,不同土壤酶活性随着剖面深度的变化规律不一,但总体酶活性在土壤深度为>40~60 cm时达到稳定,并且仍都具有较高活性;表层土壤中w(MBC)为65.58~161.90 mg/kg,w(MBN)为7.39~16.28 mg/kg,二者占所研究剖面土壤总微生物碳氮含量的51%~69%.进一步的相关性分析发现,土壤微生物功能特性与有机质AFDM(去灰分干重)、w(TOC)、w(TN)、含水量及pH存在显著的相关性,其中土壤w(TOC)、w(TN)是影响鄱阳湖湿地土壤微生物数量和活性的最主要因素.研究显示,土壤深度对湿地土壤微生物功能特性及土壤性质具有显著影响,表层土壤中微生物功能活性最高,但湿地深层土壤中仍存在大量的微生物,由微生物参与的代谢活动仍然活跃,深层土壤微生物功能特性不容忽视.      

SO2污染激活AT1R改变运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态学并导致心功能降低

为了观察SO₂污染环境下运动对大鼠心功能的影响,从心脏局部肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system,RAS）核心成员——血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensin Ⅱ,AngⅡ）Ⅰ型受体（AT₁R）介导的心肌胶原纤维形态结构重塑的角度出发,应用心脏插管技术观察大鼠的心脏功能;采用放射免疫技术（ELISA）、免疫组织化学和胃酶酸解法等方法对心肌局部ρ（AngⅡ）、AT₁R蛋白表达水平、w（HYP）（HYP为羟脯氨酸）及胶原容积分数进行检测.结果表明:①单纯运动组（EG）大鼠主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、±dp/dt_max（左室内压最大上升速率/下降速率）显著升高（P < 0.01）,舒张压、AT₁R蛋白表达显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）（心肌胶原浓度）、PVCA（血管周围胶原面积）、CVF（心肌胶原容积分数）及ρ（AngⅡ）有升高趋势（P>0.01）;②单纯SO₂污染组（SRG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）;w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）;③SO₂污染+运动组（SEG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）,并且较SRG大鼠升高更显著（P < 0.01）.研究显示,SO₂污染导致运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态结构发生异常重塑,最终使大鼠的心功能产生显著的负性变力性效应,其机制可能与心脏局部RAS系统的激活有关.      

泰山顶PM2.5及其二次组分的输送路径与潜在源

为了明确泰山顶PM_2.5及其二次组分的输送路径与潜在来源,基于后向轨迹聚类方法对2015年冬季和春季抵达泰山顶的气团传输轨迹进行聚类分析,并利用PSCF（潜在源贡献因子）和CWT（浓度权重轨迹）方法分析泰山顶冬季和春季PM_2.5、SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的潜在源域.结果表明,冬季和春季来自不同方向的气团轨迹对泰山顶PM_2.5及其组分的潜在源分布的影响具有明显差异.冬季泰山顶ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（NO₃-）平均值的最高值对应的气团轨迹来自湖北、河南、山东济宁等地区,而来自西北方向的轨迹1和轨迹2分别对应的ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（NH₄+）平均值最高;春季影响ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（NO₃-）的气团轨迹主要来自西南方向的河南、安徽北部、山东聊城等地区,而源自蒙古国途经内蒙古、山西、河南北部和山东聊城的气团轨迹对ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（NH₄+）的贡献最大.泰山顶ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）和ρ（NH₄+）的PSCF分布特征与CWT分布特征类似,WPSCF（源区分布概率）和CWT的最高计算值主要集中山东济宁、聊城以及邻近的山西省、河北省和河南省,是泰山顶大气污染物的主要潜在源域.      

高密度聚乙烯微塑料胁迫对棉花生长、枯萎病发生和根际细菌群落的影响

塑料地膜,尤其是聚乙烯地膜,在我国农业生产中广泛使用,而其降解形成的微塑料也逐渐在土壤中累积,带来诸多环境问题.目前,农田土壤中微塑料的环境生物学效应已有诸多报道,但微塑料对作物生长、病害发生和根际土壤细菌群落的影响研究较少.前期研究发现1%高密度聚乙烯微塑料（HDPE,500目）处理土壤会提高棉花枯萎病发病率（33.3%）,并且抑制棉花生长,而土壤灭菌处理后未发现此现象,推测HDPE通过改变土壤微生物群落,影响棉花生长和枯萎病发生.因此,拟通过高通量测序技术,结合网络分析和FAPROTAX功能分析,探究HDPE对棉花根际土壤细菌群落结构、互作网络和功能的影响,解析HDPE的作用机制.NovaSeq测序显示HDPE处理的棉花根际细菌群落由54个门,472个属组成,门与属组成数量均少于无菌水处理土壤.α、β多样性和ANOSIM/Adonis分析表明,HDPE显著降低细菌群落的丰富度,并改变群落结构组成.基于T-test分析差异物种,HDPE显著降低土壤中具有潜在生物防治、污染物降解和抗真菌药物合成功能菌属的相对丰度,如Kribbella、Massilia、Hailiangium和Ramlibacter等.细菌群落的改变导致土壤细菌功能的变化,进一步通过FAPROTAX功能分析可知,HDPE弱化棉花根际土壤细菌部分生物化学功能,如化能异养、发酵和硝酸盐还原等.属水平物种相关性网络分析表明HDPE处理减弱了根际细菌间的相互作用,减少正相关连接数,增加负相关连接数,简化网络结构,改变关键菌群.以上结果表明HDPE可通过改变棉花根际细菌群落、相互作用与功能代谢,影响棉花的生长与枯萎病发生,可为评价聚乙烯微塑料生态风险与污染土壤修复提供指导.     

基于高通量测序和代谢组学解析重金属污染对农田微生物群落组成和功能的影响

重金属污染会影响微生物组成和群落结构,其与微生物的相互关系一直是重金属污染生态学研究的热点.河南省新乡市是中国著名的电池生产城市,因电池生产废水污灌造成严重的土壤重金属污染.目前有关新乡市长期灌溉电池废水造成的重金属污染对微生物群落组成和代谢功能的影响鲜见报道.采集了新乡市某长期生产电池厂旁3个重金属污染位点,重金属含量测定表明Cd和Pb超过相关标准,分别超标34~66倍和1.5~2.32倍.采用高通量测序分析了细菌和真菌群落组成,结果表明细菌由芽孢杆菌属、节杆菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和类诺卡氏菌属等优势属,真菌由油壶菌属、小不整球壳属、Gibellulopsis和被孢霉属等优势属组成,表明经过长期的重金属胁迫,新乡长期重金属污染土壤富含重金属抗性细菌和真菌.环境因子和微生物群落相关性分析表明,总量Cu、DTPA提取态Cu和水溶态Pb显著影响细菌群落组成,总量Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn、DTPA提取态Cu和水溶态Pb显著影响真菌群落组成.目前,关于重金属污染对微生物群落代谢影响的研究较少,采用非靶向代谢组学分析表明,不同位点间代谢产物具有差异.通路富集分析表明,这些差异代谢物涉及代谢过程、环境信息处理和翻译等遗传信息加工等,在微生物缓解重金属导致的胁迫和环境适应中可能起到作用.     

新时代国土空间功能的科学认知与研究框架

中国正面临着城乡土地结构失衡、国土空间开发失序、地域主体功能失调等诸多问题,这给新时代国土空间开发、保护与治理带来巨大压力和挑战。国土空间功能作为架构国土空间规划理论体系与实践框架的重要内容,也是考察人与自然和谐共生的重要刻度。基于当前重大战略决策的理论与现实诉求,指出地域功能是衍生国土空间功能概念的逻辑起点,人地关系地域系统理论是构建国土空间功能理论体系的内核,而空间整合是国土空间功能理论体系演进的重要向度;从战略决策、主体功能、底线管控、用途管制、分区管治、空间协同等六个方面构建了国土空间功能理论认知模型（雪花模型）,辨析了新时代国土空间功能研究的科学价值;对新时代国土空间功能研究的学理认知、分类识别、演化机制、动态权衡等基本问题域进行讨论,初步构建了国土空间功能的研究框架。     

Conversion Margins for the Major Uses of Agricultural Land and Their Variations in Shandong Province, China

It is of practical significance for the decision-making on country food security and farmland protection to analyze the conversion margins for the major uses of agricultural land and their variations. Based on the panel data of wheat, corn, vegetable, fruit, and forests productions from 520 investigated farmer households of 13 investigated villages in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2009, and using Cobb-Douglas production function, the revenue conversion margins can be obtained separately, between different grain-crops (wheat, corn) and different non-grain crops (vegetable, fruit, forests), and the conversion relationship between growing grain( wheat, corn) and going out for non-farm work. The results show that from 2003 to 2009, growing wheat and corn are more economically and reasonably for farmers, compared with growing vegetable, but growing wheat and corn are becoming less economically and less reasonably day by day, compared with planting forests. Moreover, the conversion margin between wheat and fruit shows obvious scissors difference. Just from 2007, farmers’ growing fruit became economically and reasonably, but until 2009, compared with going out to work after abandoning farm8land, growing wheat had no economic rationality. From 2003 to 2009, farmers’ growing corn is more profitable than growing fruit and going out for non-farm work after abandoning farmland. The subsidies for wheat and corn have increased farmers’ comparative income from food production remarkably, but the subsidies cannot change the general tendency that farmers transform food (wheat, corn) production into non-food (especially forests) production. The revenue difference between growing wheat, corn and vegetable and growing fruit and forests is being pulled ceaselessly bigger, and the tendency that farmers transform wheat, corn and vegetable growing lands into fruit and forests growing lands has become increasingly apparent.     

Measuring eddy covariance fluxes of ozone with a slow-response analyser

Ozone (O₃) fluxes above a temperate mountain grassland were measured by means of the eddy covariance (EC) method using a slow-response O₃ analyser. The resultant flux loss was corrected for by a series of transfer functions which model the various sources of high- and, in particular, low-pass filtering. The resulting correction factors varied on average between 1.7 and 3.5 during night and daytime, respectively. A cospectral analysis confirmed the accuracy of this approach. O₃ fluxes were characterised by a comparatively large random uncertainty, which during daytime typically amounted to 60%. EC O₃ fluxes were compared against O₃ flux measurements made concurrently with the flux-gradient (FG) method. The two methods generally agreed well, except for a period between sunrise and early afternoon, when the FG method was suspected of being affected by the presence of photochemical sources/sinks. O₃ flux magnitudes and deposition velocities determined with the EC method compared nicely with the available literature from grassland studies. We conclude that our understanding of the causes and consequences of various sources of flux loss (associated with any EC system) has sufficiently matured so that also less-than-ideal instrumentation may be used in EC flux applications, albeit at the cost of relatively large empirical corrections.     

拉市海流域胁迫因子及其影响

拉市海流域位于云南丽江市玉龙县境内，其内的拉市海湿地是我国重要的高原湿地之一。拉市海湿地在调节气候、提供水源和提供珍稀物种栖息地等方面发挥着重要生态作用。分析了拉市海流域的主要胁迫因子：气候、农业活动、火烧、围堰及其它水利工程。在这些胁迫因子综合作用下，拉市海湿地生态系统的结构与功能发生了明显的变化。目前，拉市海湿地水域部分，出现“孤岛化”现象，湿地生物多样性剧减，湿地生态功能显著下降。在分析胁迫因子及其影响下，提出目前应尽快拆除围堰，注重湿地保护和合理利用，建立区域生态补偿机制的策略。     

Prenatal evaluation of fetal renal function based on serum beta2-microglobulin assessment

The relationship between fetal renal function (FRF) and fetal serum beta₂-microglobulin (B2MG) was investigated by comparing its value in 112 unaffected fetuses with that of 23 fetuses presenting with urinary tract malformations (UTM). Fetal serum level of B2MG was totally unrelated to gestational age; its value increased in cases of severe impairment of FRF but was similar to controls in all mild uropathies (p<0.05). Evaluating serum B2MG could be beneficial in fetuses with severe renal damage, but is of no use in unilateral UTM since only the global FRF is tested and not the function of each single kidney. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.