螺旋隧道火灾特性小尺寸实验研究

为探明螺旋隧道火灾特性,防止人员高温伤害,基于Froude准则,搭建比例1∶67的小尺寸螺旋隧道实验模型,采用模型实验方法研究不同坡度和不同风速下螺旋隧道火灾温度分布规律及烟气蔓延特性。研究结果表明:低坡度条件下,螺旋隧道内高温区以火源为中点呈对称分布状态;随着坡度的增加,隧道内高温区逐渐向下游延伸,火源处拱顶下方温度呈现先增大后降低再升高的变化规律;无论是自然风还是机械纵向通风,新鲜冷空气的吹入对隧道温度的降低起到主导作用,且风速越大,温降幅度越大;随着隧道坡度和自然风速的增加,火羽流由竖直狭长型转变为燃烧不稳定的大截面火焰,同时坡度增加抑制了火灾烟气逆流,促进了烟气向火源下游的蔓延速度,大大提高了排烟的有效性,减少人员伤害。     

青藏铁路路基中正融土斜坡稳定性分析

冻土斜坡稳定性问题出现于20世纪50年代的极地地区,青藏铁路的建设,提出了高原地区斜坡稳定性课题。目前,常用的有5种正融土斜坡稳定性分析的方法,均以极限平衡法为依据。根据分析认为,Pufahl[1]的分析方法比较适合高原地区的正融土斜坡稳定性。该方法认为,冻土斜坡失稳的主要原因归咎于土中的孔隙水压力。水压力包括以下3个主要方面,即渗透压力、由自重引起的固结压力和融化固结引起的固结压力。笔者利用非饱和理论,引用孔隙水压力P1和孔隙气压力P2表达在冻土边坡稳定性分析中,提出用相应的冻土斜坡稳定性分析方法。     

SURFACE AREA CORRECTIONS APPLIED TO A RESOURCE MAP1

ABSTRACT: Generally a difference exists between the horizontal planar area of a watershed as measured on a map and the actual surface area. A technique is presented, utilizing a topographic map, for computing the difference in the two areas as well as yielding a prediction of the actual surface area. Spatial variations in the magnitude of the difference in the two areas for small local sites over the watershed are displayed on computer generated maps. The technique is also used to adjust various inventory variables on maps, such as vegetation density, to reflect actual surface coverage. This allows estimates to be made of the difference in using corrected versus uncorrected area related parameters in mathematical functions describing processes occurring in the atmosphere-surface boundary layer.     

BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN A NORTH-FLOWING STREAM AND A SOUTH-FLOWING STREAM,BROOKS RANGE,ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: Benthic invertebrate faunas were compared to two fifth-order streams, the Atigun River flowing northward and the Dietrich River flowing southward. Sixty-eight taxa were collected, forty-nine from each stream. Aquatic insects comprised 88% of the taxa and 97% of the individuals from the Dietrich River and 73% of the taxa and 97% of the individuals from the Atigun River. Diptera, especially Chironomidae, were most abundant. Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Oligochaeta, Acarina, and Collembola were significant. In both streams the headwaters were dominated by the subfamily Diamesinae which was replaced by Orthocladiinae downstream. Diversity seemed to increase with stream order. Cluster analysis showed a high degree of resemblance between the benthic faunas of the rivers. Faunal resemblance decreased with increasing distance between stations, both within and between the streams. Although some taxa may occur in only one stream, the evidence for faunal resemblance is stronger than for faunal differences. Other studies have shown that differences in total radiation associated with valley aspect affect local climate, hydrology, and distribution of terrestrial plants and animals. However, the benthic faunas of Atigun and Dietrich Rivers were remarkably similar. Factors which operate independently of aspect, possibly freezing solid in winter, may control the occurrence of species in these streams.     

全球定位系统和常规仪器远距离边坡监测及预报系统的应用

介绍了最近由香港理工大学开发的边坡自动化监测系统,阐述了该监测系统在实际边坡的监测中的有关问题。监测结果表明,该系统使用方便,工作稳定可靠,可实时监测到边坡的一些重要参数,进而用来预测边坡的稳定状况。     

采动斜坡变形破坏模式分析及预测

介绍了国内一些学者在这方面的研究方法。考虑地下开采方向与斜坡岩体结构类型的不同组合，探讨了斜坡的变形破坏模式。根据采动斜坡的变形破坏特点，提出可以采用最初用于预测生物增长规律的费尔哈斯特模型来描述斜坡的变形趋势，在对国内某斜坡的预测实践中，发现该模型具有良好的适应性，能够有效的预测采动斜坡的变形趋势。     

灾害研究中的自组织临界性及其判据

自组织临界性为灾害问题的研究开辟了新途径。但不能仅仅以灾害规模的幂律分布作为自组织临界性的判断标准，还应当注意系统的规模、外界扰动的标准，以及系统的组织结构等问题。通过溜砂坡模拟实验研究，提出：仅当系统的规模、组织结构和扰动的强弱三者相互作用能够使系统具有整体的鲁棒性，使系统始终维持在临界状态，才能够呈现自组织临界性。在此基础上，提出了自组织日缶界性的5个判断标准。     

500kV高压线下深孔路堑爆破安全控制技术

在京珠高速公路江夏段500kV高压线下的路堑开挖深孔爆破的工程实例中，通过选用合理的爆破方案及爆区规划，针对复杂环境采取了一系列的安全控制技术，有效地控制了飞石和爆破地震的危害，同时也保证了边坡的平整度和稳定性。     

CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIORS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Environmental response to acidic deposition results from movement of water through the ecosystem. As a part of the environmental studies for acidic deposition sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hydrologic classification based on regional baseflow properties was done. To obtain the amount of baseflow, a flow separation method was developed based on the division of streamflows into “baseflow” and “other” runoff sources. Because of the differences in the flow paths and exposure duration, the two components were assumed to be associated with distinct geo-chemical responses. Individual annual hydrographs were analyzed using 31 separation slopes to determine the amount of baseflow. A total of 1575 streamflow stations in the Northeastern U.S. were analyzed through the access of a long-term daily stream-flow data base. An interactive computer program was developed to obtain baseflow properties and other hydrologic characteristics of each station. The output from this analysis was used to perform cluster analysis to classify streamflow behaviors. The clustering output showed different regional boundaries than those currently used by the EPA for water quality studies.     

高速公路路堑开挖的预裂爆破技术

在高速公路路堑开挖中为了避免爆破对路堑边坡围岩的破坏和影响，在山东省济南市绕城高速公路路堑开挖施工中，采用了预裂爆破技术和优化装药结构和爆破参数，保证了施工进度和质量要求。