The current situation of solid waste generation and its environmental contamination in China

In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached 6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation in China in that year. Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000     

废钻井液对环境影响分析及处理方法

废钻井液是当前油田急需解决的环保问题之一。实验分析了废钻井液浸出液有害成分以及对生物的影响。对比分析了几种废钻井液处理方法,得出结论：在焉耆盆地最佳的处理方法是固化法。     

广州市生活垃圾的综合处理与利用探讨

分析了广州市现行垃圾处理方式存在的主要问题,并结合广州市垃圾的产出特点,就如何实现该市生活垃圾的综合处理,尤其是资源化利用作了探讨。     

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液的污染与可处理特性

通过对生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液历时6个月的常规污染物监测,分析了沥滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)分子量分级和重金属在不同分子量DOM中的分布,以探讨沥滤液的污染与可处理特性结果表明:沥滤液有机污染程度高.沥滤液中有机物以非溶解性(约占有机物总量的23%)和分子量＜4 ku的DOM(超过DOM总量的88%)为主,低碳有机酸和醇的总量占沥滤液中DOM(分子量＜4 ku)的50%.沥滤液中重金属含量高,在DOM各分子量分级中,重金属主要与分子量＜4 ku的DOM相关,尤其是Zn和Ni的分布占90%以上,并且重金属(除As和Hg外)的分布与有机物的分布呈显著的正相关性.根据沥滤液的性质,宜采用混凝或厌氧-好氧生物方法对其进行处理.      

球形纤维素吸附剂对Cr3+吸附和解吸的研究

用静态法和动态法研究了球形纤维素吸附剂对水中 Cr3+的吸附和解吸 ,包括静态等温吸附以及各种因素对吸附的影响等 ,并探讨了吸附机理。 Cr3+的吸附容量为 2 8mg/ g,采用浓度为 1.2 mol/ L 的 HCl溶液作解吸液回收 Cr3+的综合效果较好。静态法和动态法的吸附率均达 90 %左右 ,解吸率均达 85 %以上 ,且静态法的吸附率和解吸率分别略高于动态法的吸附率和解吸率 ,但动态法耗时短 ,更符合工业化要求。     

The impact of the European landfill directive on waste management in the United Kingdom

The European Union Landfill Directive calls on member states to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal solid waste disposed of to landfill. In addition, national waste strategies will require the constituent parts of the United Kingdom to achieve increased household waste recycling and recovery rates. Both these measures will require the development of the infrastructure to support national high-intensity recycling and composting schemes and the construction of at least 35 new municipal waste to energy incinerators. Before plans can be developed for meeting the targets several areas relating to municipal solid waste need to be clarified. Depending on the definition of municipal solid waste, its composition and likely future growth rates the number of incinerators required could be up to 170.     

利用柑桔加工过程中的废物生产纤维素酶发酵饲料

利用柑桔加工过程中废物提取有用物质后 ,再进行固体发酵生产纤维酶发酵饲料的研究 ,筛选到一株具有较高纤维素酶的青霉菌株。其最适固体培养基配方为 :桔皮∶豆饼∶麸皮 =15∶1∶1,碳酸铵质量分数为 3% ,物料∶水 =2∶1,pH值为 4 5 ;最佳产酶条件为 :培养温度为 30℃ ,培养时间为 84h左右。为柑桔加工过程中所产的废物提供了一条变废为宝 ,解决环境污染的新途径。      

长江武汉段水体悬浮物中有机氯农药的残留状况

以α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDT和HCB等9种有机氯农药为目标污染物,采用索氏提取和气相色谱法,对长江武汉段水体悬浮物中有机氯农药的残留进行调查分析。调查发现,在长江武汉段水体悬浮物中,六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)类有机氯农药均被检出,其中六氯苯(HCB)在表层沉积物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 37～9 06ng g,平均为2 89ng g;六六六类农药在悬浮物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 23～1 90ng g,平均为0 76ng g;滴滴涕类在悬浮物中的残留量(质量分数)为0 18～4 67ng g,平均为1 31ng g。在长江武汉段水体悬浮物中,HCB,p,p′-DDE和γ-HCH的被检出率和残留量均最高,为主要污染物。      

北京工业废水和城市污水环境激素污染状况调查

利用固相萃取前处理技术和高效液相色谱、气相色谱方法,分析研究北京地区重点污染源排水(包括工业废水和城市污水)中主要环境激素(邻苯二甲酸酯、有机氯农药、有机氮农药、有机磷农药、菊酯类农药、烷基酚和双酚A)的残留状况. 调查分析了分布在北京市10个区县的污水处理厂、化工行业、冶金焦化行业、医院及其洗涤中心、印钞行业、食品加工行业和制药行业等7类22个单位排水中的8种邻苯二甲酸酯,17种有机氯农药,7种有机氮和有机磷农药,4种菊酯类农药,4种烷基酚及双酚A共40种环境激素类物质的质量浓度. 并着重分析了污水处理厂进、出水中的环境激素的浓度水平. 结果表明,北京地区工业废水和城市污水中广泛存在着环境激素污染,但其质量浓度并未超过现行排放标准.      

黄河河口地区生态供水效益分析

流域生态需水是指流域生态系统为维持一定程度的生态系统健康所需要一定质量的水量,以保证流域生态系统结构和生态功能等为目标,实现流域生态系统健康。流域生态需水量的研究对于社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。论文针对南水北调西线一期工程的供水规划,在提出配水效益计算方法的基础上,针对不同的配水量,计算了黄河河口地区的生态需水量、生态效益以及供水对减少断流所带来的生态效益,并进行了方案比较分析。主要结论是:当来水量分别为55×10⁸、122.8×10⁸或240×10⁸m³时,产生的湿地综合生态效益则为34.85×10⁸、47.18×10⁸或54.72×10⁸元。