近5年我国部分城市群生活垃圾特性

城市生活垃圾处理处置日益成为世界范围内一个普遍关注的问题,生活垃圾特性是终端处理方式选择的重要依据.从全国超30个城市共采集400余个生活垃圾样品,分析了垃圾的物理组成、污染物含量和热值等基础物化特性.并以深圳为例分析了采样时间和垃圾分类措施等对生活垃圾物化特性的影响.通过偏最小二乘法建立了垃圾组成与热值间的关联模型,并对模型进行了校验.结果表明,湿基中厨余类仍是垃圾中占比最高的组分,大多数样品的占比在40%～60%之间;可燃组成中橡塑类和纸类占比较高,分别在20%～30%和10%～20%之间;无机物占比通常不超过5%;垃圾含水率在50%～60%之间. 2019年实施垃圾分类后生活垃圾中厨余类占比明显降低,橡塑类占比增加,其他组分变化不大,垃圾热值得到一定的提升.生活垃圾中S、 Cl和N这3种污染元素的含量均在1%以下,其平均值规律为：N>Cl>S;垃圾样品中的Hg、 As、 Cr、 Cd和Pb含量随组分及采样时间没有明显的变化规律,垃圾中Pb、 Cr含量受到环境背景值的影响.模型分析发现橡塑类和垃圾水分是生活垃圾热值的主要影响变量,85.96%的样品实测值与预测值之间的偏...     

黄骅港三期筒仓防煤体高温对策研究

黄骅港三期是单个容量3万吨共24座筒仓的超大型群仓储煤系统,储煤主要来自神华集团所属煤矿,少部分为外购协作煤,多属易自燃煤种。为更有效控制火灾隐患,通过工艺流程分析及危险因素提取,试运营期间数据分析等,研究了致使煤体高温的危险因素和对策。发现运输过程中出现因雨淋而产生润湿热,因粉尘积聚发热的危险;筒仓储煤曾出现数天内温度从10℃升高到45℃,筒仓内有毒有害气体可能超限的危险;输煤皮带可能跑偏引起摩擦生热的危险等。试运营期间针对性采取了喷洒抑尘剂,设置警报系统及检测装置,加强皮带机监控和管理等安全措施。     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.     

Influence of SO2 in incineration flue gas on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas.The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast;the uptake of CO2 reached 87g CO2/kg ash,and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures.When CO2 content was reduced to 12%,the reaction rate decreased;the uptake fell to 41g CO2/kg ash,and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released.With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2,the reaction rate significantly decreased;the uptake was just 17g CO2/kg ash,and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released.SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.     

Optimisation of chemical purification conditions for direct application of solid metal salt coagulants: Treatment of peatland-derived diffuse runoff

The drainage of peatland areas for peat extraction,agriculture or bioenergy requires affordable,simple and reliable treatment methods that can purify waters rich in particulates and dissolved organic carbon.This work focused on the optimisation of chemical purification process for the direct dosage of solid metal salt coagulants.It investigated process requirements of solid coagulants and the influence of water quality,temperature and process parameters on their performance.This is the first attempt to provide information on specific process requirements of solid coagulants.Three solid inorganic coagulants were evaluated:aluminium sulphate,ferric sulphate and ferric aluminium sulphate.Pre-dissolved aluminium and ferric sulphate were also tested with the objective of identifying the effects of in-line coagulant dissolution on purification performance.It was determined that the pre-dissolution of the coagulants had a significant effect on coagulant performance and process requirements.Highest purification levels achieved by solid coagulants,even at 30% higher dosages,were generally lower(5%-30%) than those achieved by pre-dissolved coagulants.Furthermore,the mixing requirements of coagulants pre-dissolved prior to addition differed substantially from those of solid coagulants.The pH of the water samples being purified had a major influence on coagulant dosage and purification efficiency.Ferric sulphate(70 mg/L) was found to be the best performing solid coagulant achieving the following load removals:suspended solids(59%-88%),total organic carbon(56%-62%),total phosphorus(87%-90%),phosphate phosphorus(85%-92%) and total nitrogen(33%-44%).The results show that the use of solid coagulants is a viable option for the treatment of peatland-derived runoff water if solid coagulant-specific process requirements,such as mixing and settling time,are considered.     

Palladium-phosphinous acid complexes catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid in water/alcoholic solvents

Highly active, air-stable and water-soluble palladium-phosphinous acid complexes have been applied to Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides under mild conditions in water/alcoholic solvents. Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid occurred efficiently using palladium phosphinous acid complexes (POPd) and phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide and polyethylene glycol) in water/ethanol mixture, water/propanol mixture and neat water respectively, the corresponding yields of cross-coupling heteroaryl-aryls were satisfied. The tert-butyl substituted ligand di-tert-butylphosphino in combination with POPd was found to be more active than the same family derived catalysts dipalladium complexes POPd1 and POPd2, and other two kinds of Pd-catalysts Pd(PPh₃)₄ and Pd₂(dba)₃. The mechanism of Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between heteroaryl bromides and phenylboronic acid in water was proposed with respect to the key role of phase transfer catalyst on the transmetallation step. Compared with other solid phase transfer catalysts, TBAB was tested as the ideal one. The alkalinity of base and the molar proportion between POPd and TBAB were investigated in water and alcoholic solvents. Notably, in the presence of TBAB adding alcoholic solvents into water enhanced the yields of target products. However in terms of the liquid phase transfer catalyst of PEGs, mixing water into PEGs could slightly decrease the yields with respect to the water free PEGs bulk phase, which was probably due to the homogenous liquid conditions in pure PEGs and weak interactions between PEGs and heteroaryl bromide molecules in water depending on their molecular chain lengths.     

美人蕉生态护坡对径流污染净化作用的初步研究

2010-04-10月,研究了合肥市南淝河美人蕉生态护坡对河道的水质改善作用。试验用水取自南淝河,TSS、TN、NH4+-N、TP和COD的平均浓度分别是94.1,5.42,2.98,0.202和55.5 mg/L,河水经流生态护坡后,相应的平均去除率分别为:76.4%,45.6%,57.5%,40.1%和29.0%。另外,考察了植物对土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量的影响,美人蕉护坡微生物的数量显著多于无植物坡岸(p<0.01),微生物总数分别为:3.17×107和0.830×107cfu/g。由此,植物护坡兼具净化和生态景观效应。     

“十一五”期间昆明市工业固体废物现状分析及污染防治对策

对2006～2010年昆明市工业企业固体废弃物的类型、产生量、综合利用率等进行分析,并与"十五"期间情况进行对比,找出目前存在的问题,提出污染防治对策。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场建设项目的环境监理探究

生活垃圾填埋场在施工期和运营期会产生废气、废水、噪声等环境污染,本研究结合监理行业现状和城市生活垃圾填埋场建设项目的特点,重点探讨了项目施工期和运营期环境监理的内容与方法。