The Aging of America's Reservoirs: In‐Reservoir and Downstream Physical Changes and Habitat Implications

Reservoirs are important for various purposes including flood control, water supply, power generation, and recreation. The aging of America's reservoirs and progressive loss of water storage capacity resulting from ongoing sedimentation, coupled with increasing societal needs, will cause the social, economic, environmental, and political importance of reservoirs to continually increase. The short‐ and medium‐term (<50 years) environmental consequences of reservoir construction and operation are well known and include an altered flow regime, lost connectivity (longitudinal, floodplain), an altered sediment regime, substrate compositional change, and downstream channel degradation. In general, reservoir‐related changes have had adverse consequences for the natural ecosystem. Longer term (>50 years) environmental changes as reservoirs enter “old” age are less understood. Additional research is needed to help guide the future management of aging reservoir systems and support the difficult decisions that will have to be made. Important research directions include assessment of climate change effects on aging and determination of ecosystem response to ongoing aging and various management actions that may be taken with the intent of minimizing or reversing the physical effects of aging.     

基于生活垃圾分类的厨余垃圾采样方法研究

与复杂的混合生活垃圾相比,厨余垃圾成分较单一,需要针对性的采样方法.本研究基于生活垃圾分类背景,在《生活垃圾采样和分析方法》(CJ/T 313—2009)的基础上,就采样位点和采样节点数对分类存放的厨余垃圾采样的影响展开研究.研究结果表明,仅采集垃圾桶中间位点的样品不具有代表性,不同情景应有不同的采样策略.当厨余垃圾流节点数少于2时需采集所有节点,当厨余垃圾流节点数为3~7时需采集2个节点,而当厨余垃圾节点数为8~18时需采集3个节点,均少于CJ/T 313—2009中要求的采样节点数.厨余垃圾的总量增大,则其最少采样节点数相应上升,但最少采样点受到厨余垃圾流节点数的制约.     

赣江流域土地利用方式对无机氮的影响

赣江无机氮是鄱阳湖氮素输入的主要来源,查明流域土地利用方式对赣江无机氮的影响对鄱阳湖的富营养化防治具有重要意义.基于2013年1月和6月对赣江干流和主要支流NO-3-N和NH+4-N的浓度测定,通过不同空间尺度和土地类型等级划分,利用相关分析和冗余分析研究土地利用方式对赣江无机氮浓度的影响.结果表明,不同空间尺度的子流域划分方式对赣江流域土地利用类型与无机氮浓度的相关性有较大影响.与NO-3-N相比,选择更小的子流域划分尺度有助于分析土地利用方式对NH+4-N浓度的影响;在温度较高、微生物活动强烈的季节,也应选择更小的子流域划分尺度研究土地利用方式对无机氮浓度的影响.一级土地利用分类下,赣江流域水田、水域对NO-3-N起"源"作用,林地、草地起"汇"作用;居民建设用地对NH+4-N起"源"作用,林地起"汇"作用.二级土地利用分类下,水田中丘陵水田是赣江NO-3-N浓度的主要来源,其次为平原水田,山区水田最小.居民建设用地中的城镇用地和其它工矿建设用地是赣江NH+4-N的主要污染来源,农村用地是NO-3-N的主要污染来源.     

“污泥+生物质”混合厌氧消化分类管理研究

污泥单独厌氧消化困难,产气量低,能量回收价值低.但“污泥+生物质”混合厌氧消化能够改善物料间的营养平衡,运行更平稳,既有效处理污泥,又能够提高甲烷产气量,更适合生产实际,符合行业发展趋势.分析了安阳市四家污水处理厂脱水污泥的重金属含量,依据土地利用限值标准,结合生产实际,把安阳市四个污水处理厂脱水污泥分类,分类混合厌氧消化处理后分类土地利用,既提高了污泥的土地利用,更强化了污泥土地利用的重金属管理.     

浅谈与信息化管理有关的环境统计分类标准及编码研究

以环境统计信息化管理为背景,研究了国内外信息分类与编码发展情况,系统分析了中国环境统计报告制度中统计指标的编码现状及不足,并结合工作现状及管理需求,提出了环境统计分类编码的需求,确立了环境统计分类编码的目标及原则,研究制定了以层次分类法为主、结合面分类法的环境统计分类编码方法,形成能为中国环境统计信息化管理服务的分类标准及编码体系.     

Space-time analysis of the changing patterns of population pressure on the ecological environment in China

This paper examines the temporal change and spatial variation of population pressure on the ecological environment in China. We have collected sufficient data from the statistical yearbooks of 31 provincial administrative areas in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Using a geographic information system (GIS) and relevant models, we analyzed the trend of the population pressure on ecological environment and the change of the gravity center of ecological environment quality. We conclude that: (1) generally, population pressure on the ecological environment in China was becoming higher during 1990–2010, especially in some areas where the population and environment were in serious imbalance and the ecological environment experienced severe pollution; (2) during a certain period, population pressure on the ecological environment was becoming lower in some areas, but the ecological environment was getting worse; (3) the areas with super-high population pressure on the ecological environment were Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai; (4) the gravity center of population pressure on the ecological environment and the center of ecological environment quality move differently during the study time period, but the general trend was similar – both of them were moving from west to east. Based on the analysis, this paper also provides some policy suggestions on the control of ecological environment quality.     

基于实测数据与遥感影像的鄱阳湖水体光学分类

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,受季风气候影响其水体空间动态变化大,且广阔的水域内部差异也较大,因此湖泊水体光学分类对反演湖泊水质参数及监测湖泊水质有着重要意义。以鄱阳湖为研究区,根据实测的反射光谱数据形态特征将鄱阳湖的水体分为4类:特别浑浊、中等浑浊、轻度浑浊和清水区,并分别对每一类结果进行分析。考虑到实测光谱数据局限于湖区某些离散点的情况,不足以观测整个鄱阳湖区域内所有不同水体类型的空间分布和动态变化,从而将该方法利用于遥感影像以便观测整个湖区水体类型。在Landsat OLI遥感影像上任意选取采样点,根据其波谱形态建立基于斜率的分类算法,并应用决策树模型把鄱阳湖水体分为5类:特别浑浊、中等浑浊、轻度浑浊、清水区和特别清澈,影像的分类结果图与实地考察的情况相一致。把模型应用于其他时期的遥感影像进行鄱阳湖水体分类,对比影像的分类结果图表明:2002、2005和2009年鄱阳湖区分别出现3种、4种和4种不同的水体类型,且水体浑浊范围呈现出动态变化。研究表明水体光学类型分类可以更好的监测湖泊水质的时空变异性。     

基于BERT-BILSTM-CRF模型的电力行业事故文本智能分析*

为解决电力行业事故报告文本较长、语义复杂,难以进行有效文本识别问题,提出1种以BERT作为底层的预训练模型,并设计1种双重注意力机制编码器,结合BILSTM-CRF深度挖掘事故文本语义特征,从而实现文本智能分析。首先构建电力词典,通过对BERT预训练,进行BIO标注,然后引入BILSTM-CRF模型实现对文本标签智能分类,最后将该模型与现行其他4种深度学习模型进行对比。研究结果表明:该模型智能识别精确率、召回率及F1值(查准率)均达到约97%,较其他4种模型中效果最好的模型分别提高0.02,0.03,0.02。研究结果可为电力行业事故报告文本分析提供1种新思路。     

Initial Screening of Contaminated Land: A Comparison of US and Swedish Methods

Preliminary surveys are used to prioritize between contaminated sites to select those to be investigated more thoroughly. The data-gathering steps are almost identical between countries; however, the assessment procedures differ significantly. In this study, we have investigated 21 contaminated sites assessed as belonging to the high-risk or the very high-risk class using the Swedish Methods for Inventories of Contaminated Sites (MICS). We then applied the US Preliminary Assessment (PA) method to the same sites and compared the results and conclusions from the two screening procedures. In both cases, all sites were recommended for further investigation and the two approaches seem to corroborate one another; however, the PA assessment scores and the preliminary MICS classifications did not correlate. The results obtained with the PA method were easier to explain than the final MICS classification. The PA method also seems more transparent and easier to standardize, although objections could be made regarding the weighting scheme, because the outcome in this study was entirely dependent on the surface exposure pathway. However, to examine this in greater detail, it is necessary to include sites with less contamination: The importance of preliminary surveys in the overall risk management process gives a strong motivation for such an evaluation. Generally, the lack of research and scientific support for the various assessment procedures in use suggests that there is a need for method development, standardization, and validation.     

基于无人机影像的城市植被精细分类

针对传统植被资源调查方法工作量大、成本高、效率低的问题,利用高分辨率无人机遥感影像,联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息,构建了一种适用于描述城市不同植被种类的多维特征空间,在此基础上对三种应用广泛的分类算法(基于像素的、面向对象的支持向量机及深度学习Mobile-Unet语义分割模型)开展了对比分析研究.结果表明:本文提出的联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息的特征空间构建方法能够有效地描述城市不同类型植被的特征差异,提升影像分割、植被分类的精度;在分类精度上,基于像素和面向对象的支持向量机分类结果的总体精度均超过90%,深度学习方法的总体分类精度为84%;在算法效率上,传统机器学习方法也优于深度学习方法.因此,得出结论针对城市小区域、小样本的植被精细分类,传统机器学习分类方法比深度学习方法效果更好.