渤海海底表层软弱土特征及其对地震动的影响

以渤海PL19-3油田工程场地为研究对象,利用钻探和剪切波速实测资料,根据中国规范GB50011-2001、美国规范FEMA-NEHRP和欧洲规范EC8,进行场地类别研究;通过地震动效应分析,得到海底表层软弱土对峰值加速度和反应谱的影响。结果表明,现行规范中的场地土类型划分标准是针对陆地场地土特征的,不能反映覆盖较厚的海底淤泥层的特征;海底表层软弱土对地震动加速度的幅值和频谱的影响非常明显,其对峰值加速度的放大倍数较高,但受土的非线性变形影响,随着地震动输入的增大,其放大倍数呈非线性降低,软土场地使得加速度反应谱谱形变宽,特征周期变大。本文的结果为开展海洋工程抗震标准、海域地震区划研究积累了相关基础资料。     

The Role of Observer Variation in Determining Rosgen Stream Types in Northeastern Oregon Mountain Streams1

Abstract: Consistency in determining Rosgen stream types was evaluated in 12 streams within the John Day Basin, northeastern Oregon. The Rosgen classification system is commonly used in the western United States and is based on the measurement of five stream attributes: entrenchment ratio, width‐to‐depth ratio, sinuosity, slope, and substrate size. Streams were classified from measurements made by three monitoring groups, with each group fielding multiple crews that conducted two to three independent surveys of each stream. In only four streams (33%) did measurements from all crews in all monitoring groups yield the same stream type. Most differences found among field crews and monitoring groups could be attributed to differences in estimates of the entrenchment ratio. Differences in entrenchment ratio were likely due to small discrepancies in determination of maximum bankfull depth, leading to potentially large differences in determination of Rosgen’s flood‐prone width and consequent values of entrenchment. The result was considerable measurement variability among crews within a monitoring group, and because entrenchment ratio is the first discriminator in the Rosgen classification, differences in the assessment of this value often resulted in different determination of primary stream types. In contrast, we found that consistently evaluated attributes, such as channel slope, rarely resulted in any differences in classification. We also found that the Rosgen method can yield nonunique solutions (multiple channel types), with no clear guidance for resolving these situations, and we found that some assigned stream types did not match the appearance of the evaluated stream. Based on these observations we caution the use of Rosgen stream classes for communicating conditions of a single stream or as strata when analyzing many streams due to the reliance of the Rosgen approach on bankfull estimates which are inherently uncertain.     

13种花卉植物受硫氧化物混合气体污染的伤害症状及其抗性表现

通过熏气的方法,比较了在硫氧化物混合污染气体的作用下,木本花卉（月季Rosa chinensis,杜鹃Rhododendron simsii,一品红Euphorbia pulcherrima,茉莉花Jasminum sambac）,一、二年生花卉（一串红Salvia splendens,凤仙花Impatiens balsamina）,宿根花卉（君子兰Clivia miniata）,室内观叶植物（文竹Asparagus setacens,吊兰Chlorophytum comosum,沿阶草Ophiopogon bodinieri,朱蕉Cordyline fruticosa,吊竹梅Zebrina pendula,白斑万年青Dieffenbachia bowmannii）中13种花卉植物的叶片伤害症状及植物抗性表现,并对植物受害后的恢复情况进行了追踪观察。发现在同种污染气体的作用下,不同种类的植物表现出不同的伤害症状。植株不同叶龄的叶片对污染气体的敏感性存在一定的差异,幼龄叶不一定比中老龄叶敏感性强。当污染浓度不超过一定阈值时,花卉植物都有不同程度的恢复能力。利用“花卉植物叶片伤害评价系统”对试验植物叶片伤害症状进行了评价,依据评价结果,对试验植物进行了抗性分级。为保证对植物抗性等级划分的准确性,建议制定统一的熏气浓度标准和评价标准。     

Applying Satellite Imagery to Triage Assessment of Ecosystem Health

Considerable evidence documents that certain changes in vegetation and soils result in irreversibly degraded rangeland ecosystems. We used Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery to develop calibration patterns of change in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the growing season for selected sites for which we had ground data and historical data characterizing these sites as irreversibly degraded. We used the NDVI curves for these training sites to classify and map the irreversibly degraded rangelands in southern New Mexico. We composited images into four year blocks: 1988–1991, 1989–1992, and 1990–1993. The overlap in pixels classified as irreversibly degraded ranged from 42.6% to 84.3% in year block comparisons. Quantitative data on vegetation composition and cover were collected at 13 sites within a small portion of the study area. Wide coverage reconnaissance of boundaries between vegetation types was also conducted for comparisons with year block maps. The year block 1988–1991 provided the most accurate delineation of degraded areas. The rangelands of southern New Mexico experienced above average precipitation from 1990–1993. The above average precipitation resulted in spatially variable productivity of ephemeral weedy plants on the training sites and degraded rangelands which resulted in much smaller areas classified as irreversibly degraded. We selected imagery for a single year, 1989, which was characterized by the absence of spring annual plant production in order to eliminate the confounding effect of reflectance from annual weeds. That image analysis classified more than 20% of the rangelands as irreversibly degraded because areas with shrub-grass mosaic were included in the degraded classification. The single year image included more than double the area classified as irreversibly degraded by the year blocks. AVHRR imagery can be used to make triage assessments of irreversibly degraded rangeland but such assessment requires understanding productivity patterns and variability across the landscapes of the region and careful selection of the years from which imagery is chosen.     

西南岩溶山地坡地石漠化分类刍议

现行的西南岩溶山地石漠化程度分级标准过于简单,只能表征坡地的无植被覆盖的石质土地面积比例,不能反映石漠化前后地面物质组成和植被景观的变化。本文提出的石漠化分类,是土壤流失程度、石漠化程度和地面物质组成类型的叠加分类。这一分类较全面地反映了石漠化坡地的现今景观特征和石漠化前后的景观变化,可以更好地满足石漠化成因分析、石漠化治理规划编制和治理措施选择的需要。     

环境污染事故危险源评级方法研究

将环境污染事故危险源分成空气污染型和水体污染型两大类,并考虑危险源自身特性和周围环境状况两个主要因素对两类危险源分别提出了评级模式,依据危险指数大小将危险源分为特大、重大、较大和一般四级;利用试点调研的63家企业的183个危险源数据,对危险源评级模式进行了参数选定和验证,证明所建议的方法和模式是可行的,可供危险源调研和建立数据库等实际工作应用。     

2015—2020年广东臭氧污染特征、污染天气分型及局地气象要素影响

利用2015—2020年广东省102个国控大气环境监测站臭氧(O₃)监测数据、广东省21个地市国家基本气象站地面气象观测数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代大气再分析全球气候数据(ERA5再分析资料)，研究了2015—2020年广东O₃污染特征、污染天气分型及局地气象要素影响.结果表明：2017—2019年广东O₃污染较严重，4—5月O₃浓度逐步上升，6月出现一定下降后7月开始持续上升，峰值出现在9—10月；珠三角O₃超标率明显高于全省其他地区，粤东O₃超标率低于全省平均水平，但浓度平均值高于全省其他地区.基于自组织映射(SOM)方法，将2015—2020年逐日海平面气压和10 m水平风进行分型得到12类环流型，按污染程度分为“污染天气型”、“轻污染天气型”和“清洁天气型”.其中“污染天气型”有台风外围叠加副高型、冷锋前部型、热带系统降水前静稳型、高压底前部型4类.12类天气型所对应的O₃浓度与日照时数、最高气温呈显著正相关...     

基于高分辨率影像的固体废物自动识别技术

随着经济快速发展,工业固废、非正规垃圾、未覆盖建筑渣土等固体废物急剧增加,对区域生态环境造成极大威胁。固废堆场具有面积小、分布散等特点,目前国内仍缺少针对各类固废堆场的遥感自动识别研究。为此,基于国产高分辨率卫星遥感数据,根据野外实地光谱采集结果,分别开展了未覆盖建筑渣土、工业固废及非正规垃圾的自动识别方法研究,提取研究区各类固废堆场。结果表明:未覆盖建筑渣土在蓝波段与绿波段分别存在"吸收谷"与"反射峰",基于该特征构建的比值指数模型,结合直方图双峰法阈值分割可以有效提取未覆盖建筑渣土区域;工业固废、非正规垃圾2种固废类型多样,光谱反射率没有明显规律,结合其纹理、色调等特征,采用面向对象多尺度分割、支持向量机监督分类方法能够较好地识别2种类型固废;基于自动化提取技术并结合人机交互判读方法,提取的研究区未覆盖建筑渣土、工业固废及非正规垃圾等3种固废堆场的精度分别达到96.83%、88.26%、85.71%,各类固体废物遥感识别精度较高,极大提高了固废监测效率。     

基于双重预防机制优化企业安全管理研究

为优化企业安全管理,提高安全管理效率,减少事故的发生和降低事故造成后果的严重程度,本文根据双重预防机制的要求和对企业安全管理的研究,采用危险源辨识、事故因果连锁论、安全风险分级和层次分析等方法,通过对可能导致事故发生的各阶段子事件进行分析,研究系统性的危险源辨识、辨析临界事故发生的紧急情况事件、各事件安全风险分级标准和安全管理资源分配等问题。结果表明:企业安全管理体系的优化理论可结合企业实际情况,形成企业自查自改自治的闭环安全管理体系,提高企业对风险管控的效果;并且优化后的安全管理方法对管理资源的利用更为科学,可提高企业安全管理工作的效率。     

中国城市群臭氧时空分布特征分析

为揭示我国主要城市群近地面臭氧的时空分布规律,使用空气质量监测网站发布的2019年243个城市共计1215个站点的臭氧浓度数据对中国正在稳步建设的19个城市群的臭氧时空分布特征进行分析,结果表明:臭氧污染高发期主要集中在夏季6、7月份,春末秋初次之,冬季基本不发生污染.城市群100μg/m³以上的臭氧浓度占比变化趋势大致表现为不规则的“V”和“W”两大类.2019年我国19个城市群可明显提取出北部和南部两个浓度分布高值中心,分别出现在夏季和秋季,夏季根据污染严重程度又可将高值中心划分为两个层级.城市群臭氧浓度分布具有空间自相关特性,夏季热点区域与北部高值中心重合,秋季则与南部高值中心位置一致,此时冷点区域面积达到最大.由于臭氧污染成因的复杂性,不能简单以现有城市群等级划分结果对其进行分级管理,需要根据实际分布情况对不同城市群制定相应污染防控措施.