氮沉降与生物炭对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

利用盆栽实验,探讨氮沉降与生物炭（BC）施用对杉木幼苗土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量和可溶性有机质（DOM）光谱学特征的短期影响.氮沉降处理为0（对照）、40（低氮）和80kgN/（hm²·a）（高氮）,在不同氮沉降下BC施用水平分别为0（对照）、12（低量BC）和36t/hm²（高量BC）.结果表明：相比对照处理,单独低氮与单独高氮处理3个月后土壤pH值分别下降了0.06和0.09（P<0.05）,但单独施用BC和氮沉降背景下施用BC处理的土壤pH值均呈上升趋势,增加了0.32~0.94（P<0.05）.与对照处理相比,单独低氮处理的土壤DOC含量显著降低,单独高氮处理的则显著升高且DOM结构趋于简单;单独施用BC和氮沉降背景下施用BC处理中,低量BC处理的土壤DOC含量无明显变化,但高量BC处理的显著提高了30.1%~95.6%,并且DOM结构趋于复杂.冗余分析发现,土壤pH值是导致不同处理DOM存在差异的关键因素.因此,氮沉降背景下施用高量BC短期内可以减缓土壤酸化,提高土壤DOC含量并使DOM更加稳定.     

Mass spectral chemical fingerprints reveal the molecular dependence of exhaust particulate matters on engine speeds

Particulate matters(PMs) emitted by automobile exhaust contribute to a significant fraction of the global PMs. Extractive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry(EAPCI-MS) was developed to explore the molecular dependence of PMs collected from exhaust gases produced at different vehicle engine speeds. The mass spectral fingerprints of the organic compounds embedded in differentially sized PMs(e.g., 0.22–0.45, 0.45–1.00, 1.00–2.00, 2.00–3.00, 3.00–5.00, and 5.00–10.00 μm) generated at different engine speeds(e.g., 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 r/min) were chemically profiled in the mass range of mass to charge ratio(m/z) 50–800. Organic compounds,including alcohols, aldehydes, and esters, were detected in all the PMs tested, with varied concentration levels for each individual PM sample. At relatively low engine speeds(≤ 1500 r/min), the total amount of organic species embedded in PMs of 0.22–1.00 μm was greater than in PMs of other sizes, while more organic species were found in PMs of5.00–10.00 μm at high engine speeds(≥ 3000 r/min), indicating that the organic compounds distributed in different sizes of PMs strongly correlated with the engine speed. The experimental data showed that the EAPCI-MS technique enables molecular characterization of PMs in exhaust, revealing the chemical dependence of PMs on the engine speeds(i.e., the combustion conditions) of automobiles.     

Age-dependent association between testosterone and crown UV coloration in male blue tits (Parus caeruleus)

The proximate basis of sexual traits can suggest mechanisms maintaining honesty in signalling. A central role hereby has been attributed to testosterone, although its importance for brightly coloured plumage has been questioned. We determined circulating testosterone levels in male blue tits captured at the start of breeding and demonstrated an age-dependent relationship between testosterone and male crown UV/blue coloration. In yearling males, testosterone increases with increasing ornamentation (higher UV chroma, higher chroma, more UV-shifted hue), whereas in older males, this relationship is negative, with less UV-ornamented males having higher testosterone. This pattern is robust since it occurred in 2 years, before and after egg laying, and in males sampled during the day and during the night, despite a tenfold difference in testosterone levels. Since more UV-ornamented young males gain higher within-pair paternity, while less UV-ornamented older males achieve more extra-pair matings, the results imply that higher testosterone is associated with reproductive success and attractiveness in both age classes. We hypothesise that this relationship could result from causal effects of testosterone on coloration or through associations with behaviour and suggest ways to test these hypotheses. Our results caution against premature dismissal of a potential role for testosterone in maintaining honesty of plumage signals.     

Preliminary investigation of submerged aquatic vegetation mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing

The use of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery for automated mapping of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the tidal Potomac River was investigated for near to real-time resource assessment and monitoring. Airborne hyperspectral imagery and field spectrometer measurements were obtained in October of 2000. A spectral library database containing selected ground-based and airborne sensor spectra was developed for use in image processing. The spectral library is used to automate the processing of hyperspectral imagery for potential real-time material identification and mapping. Field based spectra were compared to the airborne imagery using the database to identify and map two species of SAV (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana). Overall accuracy of the vegetation maps derived from hyperspectral imagery was determined by comparison to a product that combined aerial photography and field based sampling at the end of the SAV growing season. The algorithms and databases developed in this study will be useful with the current and forthcoming space-based hyperspectral remote sensing systems.     

太湖真光层深度谱的分布特征及其介质影响探究

基于2010年5月份全湖28个站点分层测量的水体下行辐照度以及各光学介质(有机悬浮物LOI、无机悬浮物ISS、叶绿素a Chl-a)浓度的实测数据,本文运用岭回归分析法,分析了不同湖区5月份真光层深度谱的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明整个有效光合辐射范围内,3种因素对真光层深度的贡献均为负,ISS浓度是真光层深度的主要贡献因子,贡献率达0.48~0.62;其次为LOI浓度,贡献率为0.34~0.45;Chl-a浓度的贡献最小,贡献率为0.05~0.09.675 nm处,ISS的贡献具有谷值,Chl-a与LOI的贡献却为峰值;520~650 nm处Chl-a贡献值保持低值.此外,按各采样点的真光层深度谱分布的线型向量空间余弦相似度(cosine)进行分步聚类(Ascending Hierarchical),将全湖分为二类,梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾以及胥口湾以北区域为第一类,其余区域为第二类.结合全湖所有采样点的各介质浓度数据,发现第一类采样点LOI与Chl-a的相对浓度大于第二类,此两类介质浓度凸显了650 nm、675 nm处真光层深度谱分布曲线的波谷特征.     

基于最大谱的非平稳随机振动数据分析处理方法研究

目的解决非平稳随机振动环境实测数据无法采用功率谱密度分析方法的问题。方法基于最小均方误差准则,归纳总结FFT和数字滤波两种最大谱分析方法。通过对比两种方法在不同分辨率带宽时计算的优缺点,并分析其误差。对优选出来的最大谱分析方法进行举例验证。结果理论分析和仿真结果均表明基于比例分辨率带宽的FFT最大谱分析方法的误差最小。将FFT最大谱分析方法应用于某型炸弹9个架次自由飞振动数据的处理和环境条件确定中,结果合理有效。结论可用比例分辨率带宽的FFT法分析非平稳随机振动环境实测数据,为基于最大谱制定型号振动环境试验条件提供指导。     

UV wavelengths make female three-spined sticklebacks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</Emphasis>) more attractive for males

Numerous fishes possess UV vision and show UV patterns, which often play a role in social communication, especially during courtship. UV light is scattered strongly in water and thus might be used for intra-specific close-range communication without being detected by predators. In addition to the red-belly colouration and blue-coloured iris, male three-spined sticklebacks possess UV reflectance on their skin, and females prefer males presented with UV light rather than without. To investigate whether UV also influences male visual preference for females in this species, we used a dichotomous mate choice design in which one female could be viewed by a male in two visual conditions. Courting male sticklebacks preferred females that were presented in full-spectrum conditions including UV to the same females presented in conditions lacking this light component. Furthermore, control trials with neutral-density filters indicated that male preference in the UV treatment was not affected by a difference in achromatic brightness between the UV+ and UV− stimuli. Reflectance measurements of gravid females suggest an enhanced UV contrast between the dark bar pattern, which is characteristic of gravid females, and silvery body parts.     

城市轨道交通地下段引起居民室内振动的频谱特性分析

为了解城市轨道交通引起建筑物室内振动的特征及变化规律,对轨道交通沿线建筑物一层室内环境进行振动测量,将监测数据进行频谱分析并与国内标准比较。结果表明:采用《城市区域环境振动标准》(GB 10070—1988)中的限值评价室内振动,即使最大Z振级测量结果达标,居民的主观烦恼度依然较高;室内振动的1/3倍频程模式下,频谱主峰对应频率并不固定,一般为40、50、63、80 Hz;车辆运行高峰段和平峰段对居民室内振动频谱的谱型没有改变,载重大和车次密的高峰段不会带来振级总量和各分频量值的显著增加;近轨和远轨产生室内振动,其特征频谱谱型相同,量值上近轨大,远轨小;采用振级增量能够更准确地描述城市轨道交通对居民室内的振动影响。国内标准比较发现:各标准振动频谱考察范围不一致,测量指标和测量方法多样,评价结果也不一致,因此亟须修订相关标准,统一评价量,以满足城市轨道交通规划防治需求。     

INVERSE SOLUTION OF HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY DETERMINED BY WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION1

ABSTRACT: This study uses the spectral analysis to inversely solve for hydraulic diffusivity of a one-dimensional aquifer with boundaries subject to non-steady state water level fluctuation. Given water level spectra obtained from observation wells and tidal gauge stations, hydraulic diffusivity of a confined aquifer in a Quaternary alluvial plain is found to be about 1.8×10⁶m^2/hr which is one order of magnitude higher than the value obtained from a local pump test performed in the same area.     

含油污水光谱特性的研究

含油污水对良好水环境构成了极大威胁,其含油量将直接影响污染情况.光学检测是测量其含油量的重要方法,光学常数则是其测量的基础.利用TU-19双光束紫外可见分光光度计测量了2 mm、10 mm厚含油污水样品光学腔在300~900 nm波长范围内的透射光谱,通过MC(Monte-Carlo)法和区间逼近法反演出含油污水样品光学常数,进而计算得到了含油污水的吸收光谱.结果表明:含油污水光谱特性明显,且在波长380 nm处存在吸收峰,其多数波长下的折射率约为1.2,而吸收指数在5×10-7~2.5×10-6之间.