Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

Evaluation of ogawa passive sampling devices as an alternative measurement method for the nitrogen dioxide annual standard in El Paso, Texas

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) is a common urban air pollutant that results from the combustion of fossil fuels. It causes serious human health effects, is a precursor to the formation of ground level ozone, another serious air pollutant, and is one of the six criteria air pollutants established by the United States (U.S.) Clean Air Act (CAA). Ogawa Passive Sampling Devices (PSDs) for NO₂ were collocated and operated at six NO₂ Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitor locations in the El Paso, Texas area for the 2004 calendar year. Passive samples were taken at 2-week, 3-week, and 4-week intervals and compared against the continuously operating FRM monitors. Results showed that the collective NO₂ annual arithmetic mean for all passive monitors was identical to the NO₂ mean for all FRM monitors. Of the individual locations, three passive annual NO₂ means were identical to their corresponding FRM means, and three passive annual NO₂ means differed from their corresponding FRM means by only one part per billion (ppb). Linear correlation analysis between all readings of the individual NO₂ PSDs and FRM values showed an average absolute difference of 1.2 ppb with an r ² of 0.95. Paired comparison between high and low concentration annual NO₂ sites, seasonal considerations, and interlab quality control comparisons all showed excellent results. The ease of deployment, reliability, and the cost-savings that can be realized with NO₂ PSDs could make them an attractive alternative to FRM monitors for screening purposes, and even possibly an equivalent method for annual NO₂ monitoring. More tests of the Ogawa NO₂ PSD are recommended for different ecosystem and climate regimes.     

我区城市污水处理程度探讨

建立城市污水处理厂处理污水,是城市发展的必然趋势,而处理级别及处理后水的去向及用途是关系到环境保护和资源得到充分利用的关键,针对我区干旱缺水,灌溉农业特征及天然水域的特点,就污水处理级别排水的用途提出一些看法。     

紫外光度法测定地表水中石油类的油标选择

精选了一种新油标。采用这种油标,可使紫外分光光度法测地表水中石油类的令人满意,省工省时。     

我国健身器材质量和检验现状分析及其对策

笔者从产品质量、检测体系和质检监管等方面系统地阐述了我国健身器材产业的现状 ;通过对国内外健身器材产业的比较和分析 ,指出了我国健身器材产业普遍存在技术含量低 ,质量不稳定 ,检测标准和设备欠缺 ,服务不完善等突出问题 ;同时还具体探讨了国内外健身器材的安全要求和使用性能在生化和环保两方面的不足 ;就上述种种问题提出了相应的发展对策 ,即遵循“以人为本 ,保障安全”的原则 ,积极发展现代化生产企业 ,前瞻性地开发高技术含量的安全型产品 ,健全符合国情实际的检测体系 ,从而全面提升我国健身器材的安全性能、服务水平和市场竞争力     

岩溶区隧道爆破开挖地震危害控制的研究

隧道爆破开挖是爆破安全工程问题 ,也是工程质量安全问题 ,从长远考虑更是安全及环保问题 ,因震害的潜隐性和危害性 ,必须对其从宏观与微观、工程及周边环境全面考虑。笔者结合爆破作用下微裂纹扩展机理的分析 ,将爆破震速耦合到裂纹损伤断裂条件中 ,得到爆破震动的安全控制标准计算公式 ,结合工程实例 ,给出了不同条件下岩溶区隧道爆破开挖安全控制的建议标准 ,并且提出了爆破地震危害的控制措施 ,为类似工程提供参考。     

发电集团应对新火电厂大气污染物排放标准的思考

新的火电厂大气污染排放标准重点加大了对火电厂大气污染物中NOx的控制力度,收严了SO2、烟尘等污染物排放限值,增设了汞及其化合物控制指标。该标准的实施对发电企业的生存和发展带来一定的影响,为了落实新标准,发电集团应在法律法规政策及技术产业方面采取相应措施,加快除尘、脱硫、脱硝、脱汞等新技术的研究和应用,从单一污染物的总量控制向多污染物协同控制转变,积极探索和思考发电集团绿色低碳发展的道路。     

燃煤电厂应对新标准的氮氧化物控制策略研究

介绍了我国燃煤电厂NOx排放标准及其控制技术发展状况,分析了NOx的排放现状及我国燃煤电厂NOx控制技术的特点及存在问题。结合新标准,提出在环境约束条件下效益―成本最大化的NOx控制策略。     

企业安全管理体系标准模式的比较研究

采用对比分析法和实证分析法,对当前国内外流行的企业安全管理体系标准模式及其评价方法进行比较研究,旨在把握诸多标准模式的原则、路径、结构、方法和共性特征及其可以发挥的具体优点,将研究的标准模式的评价方法归纳为两大类即体系认证审核法和综合考评打分法,并对两类评价方法的优缺点进行剖析。体系认证审核法的优点是过程方法、符合性及抽样,考评打分法则提供了安全绩效准则。对吸收融合两类评价方法的优点形成综合性评价方法的途径和方式进行了探讨,为企业建立有效、适用的安全管理体系提供了依据。     

我国消防标准体系分析

为明确我国消防标准体系发展的方向和重点,分别从消防标准的数量、标龄、类型、属性和采标情况等5个方面对我国消防标准体系进行分析,并与国际标准化组织、欧盟标准化委员会和美国的消防标准体系进行了比较。研究结果表明:我国消防标准体系整体适用性在不断增强;需制定周期性标准复审计划;消防基础试验类和管理类标准应成为下一步消防标准制修订的重点;消防强制性标准所占比例有待进一步下调;需建立国际标准动态跟踪机制,同时应注重将我国先进的消防标准转化为国际标准。