Forest land use change in the philippines and climate change mitigation

Tropical forests in countries like thePhilippines are important sources and sinks of carbon(C). The paper analyzes the contribution of Philippineforests in climate change mitigation. Since the 1500s,deforestation of 20.9 M ha (10⁶ ha) of Philippineforests contributed 3.7 Pg (10¹⁵ g) of C to theatmosphere of which 2.6 Pg were released this century. At present, forest land uses store 1091 Tg(10¹² g) of C and sequester 30.5 Tg C/yr whilereleasing 11.4 Tg C/yr through deforestation andharvesting. In the year 2015, it is expected that thetotal C storage will decline by 8% (1005 Tg) andtotal rate of C sequestration will increase by 17%(35.5 Tg/yr). This trend is due to the decline innatural forest area accompanied by an increase intree plantation area. We have shown that uncertaintyin national C estimates still exists because they arereadily affected by the source of biomass and Cdensity data. Philippine forests can act as C sink by:conserving existing C sinks, expanding C stocks, andsubstituting wood products for fossil fuels. Here weanalyze the possible implications of the provisions ofthe Kyoto Protocol to Philippine forests. Finally, wepresent current research and development efforts ontropical forests and climate change in the Philippinesto improve assessments of their role in the nations Cbudgets.     

人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化

采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法,研究了四川彭州栽植5、10、17、22、26a的人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化.结果表明,柳杉林分的碳蓄积量与林下土壤有机碳积累量随柳杉林龄的增长而增加,5、10、17、22、26a生人工柳杉林碳蓄积量分别是19.8、67.5、85.8、162、275t(C)hm-2,土壤有机碳含量在5、10、17、22、26年分别为14.7、18.4、25.3、37.1、41.4gkg-1,比农地分别增加了18.5%、48.4%、104%、199%、234%,土壤全N含量分别为1.22、1.31、1.64、2.03、2.12gkg-1,比农地分别增加了7.02%、14.91%、43.86%、78.07%、85.96%,土壤容重分别为1.48、1.42、1.36、1.31、1.28gcm-3,比农地分别降低了3.90%、7.79%、11.7%、14.9%、16.9%,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度也都显著增高,说明栽植柳杉后随着土壤有机质的增加,土壤肥力逐步提高,土壤孔隙状况也逐渐好转,从而增加了土壤保水抗旱能力.5、10、17、22、26a生的柳杉林地土壤蓄水量分别为341、391、412、462、493thm-2,比农地分别增加了14.8%、31.6%、38.7%、55.6%、66.0%.这些结果显示,人工柳杉林具有庞大的碳库,可缓解大气CO2上升,而且可促进土壤肥力,改善生态环境.     

陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征

基于陇东黄土干旱塬区轮作及复种模式田间试验土壤水分观测资料，对轮作种植下几种作物的农田耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异规律及数量特征进行了比较分析．主要结论是：在完全雨养农业生产条件下，降水年型、作物播期和生育期及作物耗水特性不同是引起作物田间耗水量、土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺分异的主要原因；秋播冬小麦田间耗水对播前土壤贮水表现了较大的依赖性，而播前土壤贮水对春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子生长耗水的补偿效应相对较小；秋播与春播作物在农田土壤贮水利用程度及土壤水分亏缺状况方面的差异也很明显，这表现在无论干旱年还是丰雨年．秋播冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用程度显著高于春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子，而其生育期土壤水分亏缺状况则比春播玉米、马铃薯和谷子严重得多，尽管春播各作物间也存在着一定的差异．     

Simulation study on near-field structure and flow characteristics of high-pressure CO2 released from the pipeline

The accidental release of high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO₂) can cause serious damages to both humans and pipeline equipment. Therefore, it is of great significance to have a deeper understanding about the release characteristics of high-pressure CO₂ for improving the safety level of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. Both industrial-scale and laboratory-scale studies have been carried out to predict the release behaviors. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has become a crucial method to study the instantaneous changes and microscopic details of the fluid behaviors. In this paper, the simulation method was employed to study the near-field structure and flow characteristics of high-pressure CO₂ released from pipelines. The Peng-Robinson Equation of State (EOS) was used to compute the thermodynamic properties of high-pressure CO₂, and SST k-ω model was applied to simulate the structure and physical parameters of the under-expanded jet. In addition, the multi-phase mixture model was introduced to study the phase transition. The non-equilibrium liquid/vapor transition is modeled by introducing ‘source terms’ for mass transfer and latent heat. Compared to the experimental results, the simulation results showed good agreement. Furthermore, the influences of operating conditions, including different stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature, and nozzle size, were analyzed.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

盐水层中注水促进超临界CO2溶解的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,通过考察不同注水模式、注水速率、注水位置、盐度和孔隙度下CO_2的分布特性和溶解行为,系统地分析了注水对CO_2溶解的影响。结果表明,超临界态CO_2呈倒锥形分布于注入井附近的盐水层顶部,并随时间延长缓慢向外扩展。注水虽不明显改变CO_2的分布,但能促进CO_2的溶解,降低超临界态CO_2的量。增大注水速率、靠近盐水层顶部注水、在注CO_2的过程中同时注水均可有效提高CO_2的溶解率。在一定范围内,CO_2的溶解量随盐水盐度降低而提高,但几乎不随岩石孔隙度变化。研究表明,通过优化注水条件可以显著促进CO_2的溶解封存。     

基于发动机活动的集装箱港作机械排放清单研究

随着我国集装箱港口吞吐量持续增长,港区大气污染物排放亦日益增加,港作机械等非道路移动源排放更逐渐成为公众关注的焦点。借鉴OFFROAD模型的基本方法,通过调查分析集装箱港区作业机械的保有量、活动水平和设备参数等,修正排放因子,采用"自下而上"基于集装箱港作机械发动机活动水平的动力法建立集装箱港作机械大气污染物排放清单。并以南京港龙潭集装箱港区(NPLC)为案例,构建排放清单。结果表明:2014年NPLC港作机械排放总量为PM_(10) 4.25 t、PM_(2.5) 3.91 t、NO_x 82.98 t、SO_x 1.06 t、CO 23.84 t和HC16.39 t;集装箱拖车为最大排放贡献源,NO_x为高值排放污染物;与港区其他排放源相比,港作机械为颗粒物质(PM)与碳氢化合物(HC)的最大排放源。相较NPLC 2013年基于燃油消耗的研究,基于活动的排放量较低。     

典型电容近炸引信存储性能退化分析

目的分析退化或失效的原因及机理。方法提出电容近炸引信储存性能试验,结合引信组成结构特点和出厂性能要求,对实际储存2~8年的引信开展储存性能检测试验,并对试验结果进行分析,进而确定性能退化敏感参数。结果性能退化原因和机理分析表明,三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶粘结力、电感线圈等长储后性能退化影响引信性能。结论确定了引信长储后检测时应重点关注定时器接电前输入电流、炸高和检波电压三项参数,并着重分析三极管、电阻、电路中导电胶和电感线圈等部位。     

一种橡胶密封圈的剩余贮存寿命评估方法

目的评估已随武器装备贮存一段时间后的旧橡胶密封圈的剩余贮存寿命。方法利用旧橡胶密封圈在加速老化试验中实际产生的压缩永久变形,外推其在贮存温下的老化动力学方程,进而以失效临界值为输入,计算橡胶密封圈的剩余贮存寿命。结果建立了面向旧橡胶密封圈的剩余贮存寿命评估方法。结论该方法适用于旧橡胶密封圈的剩余贮存寿命评估。     

某天线加速贮存试验与寿命评估方法研究

目的对某天线进行加速贮存试验研究,利用试验数据进行寿命评估,得到产品的加速因子。方法通过步降应力试验方法对某天线的12台产品进行了四个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验,获得产品的退化数据。分别采取两种加速模型对试验数据进行处理,对比确定最优评估方法。结果采用基于漂移布朗运动的加速模型评估得到产品的激活能,从而求出加速因子和贮存寿命。结论步降应力试验方法能加速产品损伤的累积,便于快速获得产品的性能退化数据,而基于漂移布朗运动的评估方法为天线类产品的寿命评估提供了一种新的参考方法。