LPG罐区事故后果模拟与风险控制研究

LPG在储存过程中,可能由于泄漏或灾难性破裂等原因引发火灾、爆炸、中毒等重大事故。首先根据两类危险源理论,辨识与分析了LPG罐区的危险源及其危险性。然后,利用事件树方法,建立了瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏后果模型。通过研究典型的事故后果计算与模拟分析方法、风险确定与表示方法,借助PHAST和LEAK系统模拟分析与计算了某LPG罐区发生泄漏后的事故后果及其影响,并绘制了个人风险等值线和社会风险F-N曲线。最后,根据分析结果提出了多项针对性的风险控制措施。     

某型胶粘剂加速贮存试验及寿命评估

目的评估某型胶粘剂的寿命。方法通过恒定应力试验方法对某胶粘剂进行三个不同应力量级的高温加速贮存试验。结果胶粘剂在100,80,60℃三种高温老化温度下的老化90 d后的剪切强度均明显大于初始剪切强度12.225 MPa。结论高温老化过程中,胶粘剂发生了明显的退化现象。温度越高,性能退化越快。由性能退化曲线拟合得到了胶粘剂高温老化的加速因子,评估了胶粘剂的常温贮存寿命至少为17.1年。     

石油管道储运企业清洁生产审核方法探讨与实践

文章分析了石油管道储运企业的生产工艺特点和技术特征,指出现有的制造业和第三产业的清洁生产审核方法及评价指标体系不能完全适用于石油管道储运企业.文章针对该类企业生产过程中能耗高和存在潜在风险等特点,探索并确定了以能耗平衡和物料平衡为核心、以风险评估为重点的清洁生产审核方法,并用于实际审核.文章为石油管道储运企业的节能、降耗、减排和风险防范提供了技术支持,也为该类企业的清洁生产审核提供了有效的借鉴.     

Improving the dynamic response of frequency and power in a wind integrated power system by optimal design of compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage

The frequency deviation and power fluctuation need to be controlled in a wind-integrated power system (WIPS) for keeping the balance between system power generation and demand, which support the quality and stability of overall power system. The present paper addresses this problem while concerning the integration of intermittent wind power and load disturbance into the WIPS. With this intent, it proposes the compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage (CSMES) system with proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for improving the frequency and power deviation profile. A novel swarm intelligence-based artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used for optimal design of PID-CSMES system. Robustness of the proposed ABC-based PID-CSMES control strategy is tested in WIPS under various disturbance patterns of load and wind power. To demonstrate the improved dynamic response, their simulation results are compared with particle swarm optimization-based PID-CSMES, PID with SMES, and only PID controller technique. The performance indices and transient response characteristics of frequency and power deviation are used to evaluate and compare the accuracy and efficiency of each controller. Stability of various system configurations is analyzed using eigenvalue location. Comparing the results of different controller in WIPS indicates a substantial improvement in the dynamic response of system frequency and power deviations by utilizing the proposed control strategy.     

A Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Performance in Meeting Operational Targets

The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data .     

Legal and regulatory challenges in the implementation of CO2 geological storage: An Alberta and Canadian perspective

Alberta is the province with the largest CO₂ emissions in Canada, with approximately two-thirds of emissions originating from large stationary sources. Due to the fortuitous association of large CO₂ sources with the storage capacity offered by the underlying Alberta basin, it is expected that large-scale CO₂ geological storage in Canada will occur in Alberta first, and both levels of governments are contemplating measures to facilitate implementation. A review of the current provincial and federal legislation and regulations presented in this paper indicates that the existing legal and regulatory regime is reasonably sufficient, with some modifications, to accommodate the active injection phase of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) operations, and the early takers of this new technology. However, governments in Alberta and Canada, and likely everywhere, need to address several pressing issues dealing mainly with the CCS post-operational phase. These issues, reviewed in this paper from an Alberta and Canadian perspective, fall into several categories: jurisdictional, property (ownership), regulatory and liability. Because Alberta is a landlocked province, matters relating to CO₂ storage under the seabed will not be addressed here except when discussing matters of jurisdiction and CO₂ classification. Possible models for post-injection liability transfer to the state are also presented. Although this review is focused on western Canada conditions, the issues are broad enough to be of interest in other jurisdictions, which may also adopt parts of the legal and regulatory framework that is quite well developed in Alberta.     

Effects of a carbon monoxide-dominant gas mixture on the explosion and flame propagation behaviors of methane in air

This work aimed to experimentally evaluate the effects of a carbon monoxide-dominant gas mixture on the explosion characteristics of methane in air and report the results of an experimental study on explosion pressure measurement in closed vessel deflagration for a carbon monoxide-dominant gas mixture over its entire flammable range. Experiments were performed in a 20-L spherical explosion tank with a quartz glass window 110 mm in diameter using an electric spark (1 J) as the ignition source. All experiments were conducted at room temperature and at ambient pressure, with a relative humidity ranging from 52 to 73%. The peak explosion pressure (P_max), maximum pressure rise rate ((dp/dt)_max), and gas deflagration index (K_G) were observed and analyzed. The flame propagation behavior in the initial stage was recorded using a high-speed camera. The spherical outward flame front was determined on the basis of a canny method, from which the maximum flame propagation speed (S_n) was calculated. The results indicated that the existence of the mixture had a significant effect on the flame propagation of CH₄-air and increased its explosion risk. As the volume fraction of the mixed gas increases, the P_max, (dp/dt)_max, K_G and S_n of the fuel-lean CH₄-air mixture (7% CH₄-air mixture) increase nonlinearly. In contrast, addition of the mixed gas negatively affected the fuel-rich mixture (11% CH₄-air mixture), exhibiting a decreasing trend. Under stoichiometric conditions (9.5% CH₄-air mixture), the mixed gas slightly lowered P_max, (dp/dt)_max, K_G, and S_n. The P_max of CH₄-air mixtures at volume fractions of 7%, 9.5%, and 11% were 5.4, 6.9, and 6.8 bar, respectively. The S_n of CH₄-air mixtures at volume fractions of 7%, 9.5%, and 11% were 1.2 m/s, 2.0 m/s, and 1.8 m/s, respectively. The outcome of the study is comprehensive data that quantify the dependency of explosion severity parameters on the gas concentration. In the storage and transportation of flammable gases, the information is required to quantify the potential severity of an explosion, design vessels able to withstand an explosion and design explosion safety measures for installations handling this gas.     

Factors Affecting Take-up of and Drop-out from Home Composting Schemes

This paper reports survey results from Scotland and north-west England into home composting attitudes and behaviours. The results concentrate on: the take-up of home composting through promotional campaigns; and the reasons for drop-out. Motivations for take-up were balanced between environmental and gardening reasons, although capital cost was an important issue for some. Drop-outs occurred mainly through participants moving house or because of lack of success in producing compost. Few of those experiencing problems sought help. Those that did favoured official or professional sources. Neighbourhood social pressures to compost were relatively weak. The results are discussed in terms of the sustainability of home composting behaviour and the manage ment interventions that might be required in sustaining that behaviour.     

Prediction of Duration Limited Exposure for Participants Wearing Chemical Protective Clothing in the Cold

The suitability of the IREQ (insulation required) index for predicting the thermal responses of 6 participants wearing chemical protective clothing was tested during exercise at -20 and -25 °C. IREQ was used to calculate duration limited exposure (DLE). Measured DLE correlated (r= .899, p < .001) with the predicted DLE. In exposures exceeding 40 min, however, the predicted DLE tended to be 10-20 min too short compared to the measured one. During short exposures the prediction was 5-20 min too long. The results show that IREQ overestimated the cold strain in participants wearing chemical protective clothing during cold exposures longer than 40 min. Nevertheless, predicted DLE never exceeded measured times and thus the prediction was always safe from the occupational point of view.     

过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂的混储危险性研究

为评价过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂的混储危险性,测试了过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂的氧化性,并分别采用压力传感器法和差示扫描量热法测试了非氧化剂过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂与其他化学品的相容性。试验发现,过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂由于外壳的包覆作用,其氧化性下降,个别过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂不属氧化剂;但是通过相容性测试发现,过硫酸铵胶囊破胶剂与多数有机物质不相容。因此在储存过程中应与可燃物质以及还原剂等隔离。