以秸秆纤维废弃物为还原剂生产金属化球团

秸秆纤维是以玉米、小麦、水稻等作物秸秆为原料,经汽曝-水洗-机械分梳提取有用物质后,通过气流粉碎和有机糖提纯后得到的产物,是一种清洁、可再生的还原剂。在掌握秸秆纤维特性的基础上,对秸秆纤维用于转底炉直接还原工艺生产DRI进行了探讨。研究结果表明:秸秆纤维尽管其固定碳含量较低,但其氢含量较高,灰分和硫含量较低,且其纤维状结构有利于含碳球团成球。与传统还原剂相比,秸秆纤维含碳球团具有更好的还原效果和更高的抗压强度。此外,秸秆纤维含碳球团也有C/O低和还原时间短的优点,适宜的C/O和恒温时间为0.8和15 min,且选用秸秆纤维粒度小于0.15 mm时效果更佳。     

生物质能源及发电技术研究

随着能源消耗和环境污染之间矛盾的加剧,使得人类需要寻找一些相对比较清洁的可再生能源。生物质能源由于其数量巨大,环境污染小,并具有可再生性,成为目前比较好的选择之一。生物质能发电是生物质能利用的主要方式之一。介绍了生物质能的特点及利用转化方式,重点讲述了直接燃烧发电技术、气化发电技术以及生物质燃料电池技术,最后根据我国国情指出了生物质能利用的主要问题及几点建议。对我国生物质能发电的发展提供了技术参考和技术支持。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

低碳经济下农作物秸秆能源利用需求性分析

本文介绍了农作物秸秆能源利用的几个途径,从能源短缺、环境压力、秸秆过剩数量压力以及发展农村经济等方面分析了在低碳经济下秸秆能源利用的需求性和紧迫性,提出应该加强秸秆能源利用技术研究,大力推广秸秆能源利用。     

水稻秸秆生物碳对重金属Pb2+的吸附作用及影响因素

以农业废弃物水稻秸秆为原料,采用限氧裂解法制备了不同温度(350、500和700℃)下的秸秆生物碳(RC350、RC500和RC700),研究了生物碳对Pb2+的吸附性能、作用机制及影响因素,为准确预测生物碳还田固碳对土壤中重金属迁移行为的影响提供理论参考.结果表明,生物碳对Pb2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学方程,Pb2+在RC350、RC500、RC700上的吸附速率分别为0.167h-1、0.154h-1、0.388h-1;其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量分别为65.3、85.7和76.3mg·g-1,是原秸秆生物质RC100的5～6倍、活性炭AC的2～3倍.生物碳单位面积上的有效吸附点位比AC高约10倍.经酸化去除表面矿物成分后,RC350和RC700对Pb2+的吸附能力急剧下降,其最大吸附量、吸附亲和力与AC相近;红外光谱分析表明,去灰分后生物碳上有机碳官能团并无明显减少,而无机矿物(如SiO2)含量显著降低.生物碳中的有机碳组分和无机矿物组分对其吸附Pb2+均有重要贡献,其中无机矿物组分的吸附量及亲和力均大于有机碳组分.     

Evaluation of CFD simulations of transient pool fire burning rates

Fire is the most commonly occurring major accident hazard in the chemical and process industries, with industry accident statistics highlighting the liquid pool fire as the most frequent fire event. Modelling of such phenomena feeds heavily into industry risk assessment and consequence analyses. Traditional simple empirical equations cannot account for the full range of factors influencing pool fire behaviour or increasingly complex plant design. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling enables a greater understanding of pool fire behaviour to be gained numerically and provides the capability to deal with complex scenarios.This paper presents an evaluation of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates. Specifically, the work examines the ability of the model to predict temporal variations in the burning rate of open atmosphere pool fires. Fires ranging from 0.4 to 4 m in diameter, involving ethanol and a range of liquid hydrocarbons as fuels, are considered and comparisons of predicted fuel mass loss rates are compared to experimental measurements.The results show that the liquid pyrolysis sub-model in FDS gives consistent model performance for fully predictive modelling of liquid pool fire burning rates, particularly during quasi-steady burning. However, the model falls short of predicting the subtleties associated with each phase of the transient burning process, failing to reliably predict fuel mass loss rates during fire growth and extinction. The results suggest a range of model modifications which could lead to improved prediction of the transient fire growth and extinction phases of burning for liquid pool fires, specifically, investigation of: ignition modelling techniques for high boiling temperature liquid fuels; a combustion regime combining both infinite and finite-rate chemistry; a solution method which accounts for two- or three-dimensional heat conduction effects in the liquid-phase; alternative surrogate fuel compositions for multi-component hydrocarbon fuels; and modification of the solution procedure used at the liquid-gas interface during fire extinction.     

Decomposition effects on the mass burning rate of organic peroxide pool fires

The mass burning rate of pool fires of organic peroxides do not vary appreciably with the pool size as have been observed for the hydrocarbons. Instead the decomposition temperature largely controls the same. The dependence of mass burning rate on the decomposition temperatures namely self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) and extrapolated onset temperature measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for organic peroxide pool fires are identified and correlations are developed.     

燃煤锅炉水蒸气促燃的理论研究

针对小型火力热电厂中小吨位燃煤锅炉应用现状 ,结合固体燃煤燃烧的机理 ,在详细分析常见锅炉工作原理和燃烧反应特性的基础上 ,提出了用水蒸气促燃降污节能的理论 ,水蒸气介入后促燃化学模型和物理模型的建立 ,证明了这一理论的可行性     

生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加抑制水稻对土壤铅吸收富集的机制研究

将水稻秸秆生物炭（RB）、玉米秸秆生物炭（MB）分别与硅酸钠（G）复合施加到从矿区周边采集的铅（Pb）污染农田土壤,通过盆栽试验,比较分析了Pb在土壤-水稻系统各部位中的迁移和累积情况,探讨了生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加抑制水稻对Pb吸收转运的机制.结果表明,与对照组相比,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加（RBG和MBG）使糙米Pb含量显著降低71.0%~75.6%,且比生物炭或硅酸钠单一施加时的降幅更大.其主要机制为：①生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加提高了土壤pH和有机质含量,促进了土壤对Pb的固定,从而使土壤Pb从弱酸提取态向可氧化态Pb转化,在成熟期RBG和MBG处理分别使CaCl₂溶液浸提的土壤有效Pb含量降低54.3%和60.0%.②生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加降低了DTPA溶液浸提的土壤有效态Fe含量,减少了根表铁膜的数量（DCB-Fe）,而且根系Pb含量与DCB-Fe含量之间呈显著正相关关系,推测生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加使根表用于存储Pb的铁膜减少,从而降低Pb进入根系的几率.③生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加显著降低了分蘖期TF_根-叶和成熟期TF_土-根、TF_茎-糙米、TF_叶-糙米（p<0.05）,阻碍Pb在糙米中累积.此外,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加显著提高了稻谷质量（p<0.05）.因此,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加可用于修复铅污染稻田土壤.     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.