Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum1

Kurten, Gerald L., Aaron Barkoh, Drew C. Begley, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):170-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00401.x Abstract: Previous studies have shown that three times weekly applications of phosphorus (30 μg P/l) and nitrogen (300 μg N/l) were effective at reducing the density and toxicity of the alga Prymnesium parvum in limnocorrals simulating a 40-day moronid (e.g., striped bass, Morone saxatilis, and palmetto bass, M. saxatilis ×Morone chrysops) fingerling culture period. However, this fertilization regime produced high pH and unionized ammonia-N concentrations that are detrimental to the survival of moronid fry and fingerlings. In two follow-up experiments we changed the source of N from ammonia to nitrate, reduced fertilization rates, and examined the effect of N-only or P-only fertilization. In the first experiment P fertilization rates were reduced by one-half to 15 μg P/l and NO₃-N was substituted for NH₃-N at the previously used rate of 300 μg N/l. In the second experiment, N fertilization rates were reduced to 150 μg N/l and the frequency of fertilization was determined by pH and P. parvum responses. Nitrate appeared to be as effective as ammonia as a source of N and when used in combination with P reduced P. parvum cell density and ichthyotoxicity. However, reduced N and P application rates and lower pond water temperatures during the study appeared to have decreased the speed at which fertilization produced these effects. While lower fertilization rates reduced algal productivity, high pH remained a concern for fish culture although pH was reduced to levels that might be acceptable with careful management of fish culture activities. Neither N-only nor P-only fertilization had a measurable effect on algal productivity or eliminated P. parvum and its toxicity. Furthermore, P-only fertilization may have increased P. parvum density and toxicity. For controlling P. parvum density and ichthyotoxicity we recommend a fertilization rate of 212 μg NO₃-N/l plus 30 μg PO₄-P/l applied three times weekly for aquaculture ponds where high pH is not a concern. Where high pH is a concern we recommend a fertilization rate of 117 μg NO₃-N/l plus 16 μg PO₄-P/l applied three times weekly with careful attention to afternoon pond pH.     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.     

菹草和伊乐藻对水-沉积物界面磷迁移转化的影响

冬季沉水植物普遍凋亡,死亡残体易造成湖泊二次污染.为探究冬季耐寒性沉水植物对水-沉积物界面各形态磷迁移转化的影响,选取根系特征不同的冬季耐寒性沉水植物菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）和伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）作为研究对象,测定其冬季生长期间上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中各形态磷的含量,并监测环境因子的变化.结果表明:①菹草、伊乐藻组生长期间水-沉积物界面各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势,并在一定时期维持较低水平,菹草对沉积物和间隙水磷的吸收效果优于伊乐藻,而伊乐藻对上覆水磷的影响大于菹草.②试验第30天后,菹草、伊乐藻组上覆水和间隙水各形态磷质量浓度均显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,上覆水中ρ（TP）最低值分别为0.057和0.041 mg/L,间隙水中ρ（DTP）（DTP表示溶解性总磷）分别维持在0.270~0.505、0.384~0.507 mg/L之间.③试验结束时,菹草组沉积物中w（TP）、w（IP）（IP表示无机磷）和w（NaOH-P）（NaOH-P表示NaOH提取态磷）分别低至643.68、415.79和120.17 mg/kg,分别下降了16.54%、18.37%和35.82%,伊乐藻组分别低至700.39、457.87和145.29 mg/kg,分别下降了10.24%、11.17%和24.67%;菹草、伊乐藻植株体内TP质量分别增加了588.94和464.59 mg.研究显示,菹草、伊乐藻在生长期间均能有效吸收磷,同时改变了pH、E_h等环境因子,从而影响磷在水-沉积物界面的迁移及磷形态的转变.      

复杂地形条件下根系对土壤有机碳的贡献

在地形条件复杂的地区,量化根系对土壤有机碳的贡献对科学评价水土流失区的土壤碳储量具有重要意义.本研究在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟小流域内,基于地貌类型(梁峁坡、沟坡和沟谷)和植被措施(农田、林地和草地措施)两大因素采集土壤和根系样品,在流域尺度上研究根系密度(FRD)对土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的贡献.在砖窑沟小流域内,地形、植被措施和土层厚度及其交互作用显著影响SOCD和FRD的空间分布. SOCD和FRD在不同地形部位下均呈现出沟谷沟坡梁峁坡的趋势,在不同植被措施下均呈现出林地措施草地措施农田措施的趋势,在不同土层厚度上均呈现出表层(0～20 cm)大于下层(20～100 cm)的趋势.此外,FRD对SOCD的影响显著(P 0. 05),SOCD随着FRD增加呈现出对数增加的趋势,且不同地形和植被措施下的根系-碳转化效率差异显著(P 0. 05).在农田措施下,沟谷(0. 87)的根系-碳转化效率均是沟坡(0. 43)和梁峁坡(0. 43)的2. 0倍;在草地措施下,沟坡(0. 57)的根系-碳转化效率分别是沟谷(0. 45)和梁峁坡(0. 27)的1. 3倍和2. 1倍;在林地措施下,梁峁坡(0. 56)的根系-碳转化效率是沟坡(0. 44)的1. 3倍.因此,在砖窑沟小流域内,从增加根系-碳转化效率的角度而言,沟谷适合进行农业生产,沟坡适宜进行退耕还草,而梁峁坡适合进行退耕还林.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域植被恢复对土壤稳定入渗的影响

经过20多年的退耕还林还草和封禁措施,纸坊沟流域植被得到良好恢复,并对土壤产生正面影响。流域内11种主要植物群落下以及不同生活型下土壤稳定入渗速率均有显著差异,其中灌木和草本群落下土壤稳定入渗速率较大,乔木林下较小。土壤稳定入渗速率与其影响因子之间存在相关关系,其中土壤稳定入渗速率与土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度及土壤活性孔隙度存在极显著的相关关系;与枯枝落叶层厚度也有一定的相关关系;还与土壤水稳性团聚体重量百分含量、土壤有机质含量有一定的相关关系。结果表明,黄土丘陵沟壑区进行植被建设选择灌草群落较好,天然群落可优先选择铁杆蒿、茭蒿、长芒草和白羊草等,人工灌木群落可优先选择柠条等。由于该区属森林向草原的过渡区,尽管也能种植刺槐等乔木树种,但营造乔木林应考虑林灌草隔带混交和垂直配置,并注意微地形的影响。     

城市污泥对通菜-水稻土中有机污染物的累积效应

在水稻土上施用城市污泥及化肥盆栽通菜,应用GC/MS对通菜植株和土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)等7类43有机污染物进行系统分析,探讨通菜植株和土壤中其累积效应.结果表明,通菜植株中检出邻苯二甲酸酯、多环芳烃、氯苯类、硝基苯类、醚类和卤代烃类共6类28种化合物(胺类未检出),土壤中检出上述7类33种化合物,均以PAEs和PAHs为主,其总含量是其他类污染物的几倍或数十倍.不同处理的通菜和土壤中各类有机污染物的含量差别较大,均以个别或少数污染物为主.施用城市污泥增加了植株和土壤中PAEs和PAHs等污染物的含量.强致癌性化合物苯并(a)芘在通菜中被检出,在部分土壤中的含量超过加拿大土壤质量控制标准(1.0mg/kg).除佛山污泥处理的通菜对氯苯类和醚类的生物浓缩系数(BCF)大于1外,其余均小于1.0.     

微生物固体发酵转化水生植物的研究

采用黑曲霉、绿色木霉和耐热克鲁维酵母发酵芦苇叶和浮萍原料,研究植物原料中粗蛋白含量的变化以及纤维素酶活的变化。研究结果表明,在水生植物原料中接种7%的黑曲霉和3%的热克鲁维酵母进行共发酵的效果最佳,发酵后芦苇叶原料和浮萍原料中粗蛋白含量分别提高了8.58倍和3.64倍;黑曲霉与耐热克鲁维酵母共发酵时其降解纤维素的能力显著提高。有望利用该工艺发酵这两种水生植物生产蛋白饲料。     

典型岩溶区植被恢复对土壤养分的影响

对典型岩溶地区不同植被恢复(草丛、灌草丛、灌丛、乔幼林和成熟林)过程中的土壤养分进行研究,结果表明:土壤养分随着植被的恢复呈波折状上升,但是各恢复阶段过程中的土壤有机质、有效N、P、K、有效Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量存在无显著性差异(P0.05),弃耕后2～3年的草丛土壤养分含量可以达到成熟林的养分水平;土壤pH值与有机质、有效N、P、K、有效Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量存在不同程度的负相关关系,降低土壤的pH值,可以有效的提高石灰土肥力;土壤养分具有明显的表聚性。在岩溶区,退耕还草、退耕还林、种植牧草和自然恢复是石漠化地区较好的生态重建和植被恢复方式。     

水质生物监测方法及应用展望

本文介绍了水质生物监测的定义、理论及其优越性和主要方法。对水质生物监测中存在的问题进行了分析,展望了水质生物监测的应用前景。     

柴达木盆地植被生长时空变化特征及其对气候要素的响应

以2001-2010 年MODIS NDVI 植被数据为基础,并结合该区同期气温和降水量数据,采用线性趋势分析、偏相关分析、Hurst 指数等数理分析方法,研究了近10 a 来柴达木盆地植被时空变化特征、影响因素及未来可能的变化趋势。结果表明：①2001-2010 年柴达木盆地植被生长季NDVI平均值（NDVI）呈显著增加趋势,线性增长率为0.041/10 a。柴达木盆地主要植被类型灌丛、草原、荒漠NDVI 的线性增长率分别为0.043/10 a、0.034/10 a、0.028/10 a;②柴达木盆地植被变化具有阶段性特征,整体呈“S”型增长,具有两次明显的植被快速增长期;③柴达木盆地植被改善面积占研究区总面积的12.43%,并主要分布在布尔汉布达山、祁漫塔格山、鄂拉山、柴达木山、宗务隆山的高山区,冬给措纳湖周边和绿洲核心区。植被退化面积仅占研究区总面积的0.35%,并主要分布在绿洲边缘区,特别是柴达木河绿洲和那陵格勒河绿洲的中下游地区;④植被NDVI 与1-5 月平均气温以及5-8 月可利用降水量呈显著正相关关系,植被生长与温度呈显著正相关的区域主要分布在绿洲核心区及高山区,占植被区面积的8.36%,植被生长与可利用降水量呈显著正相关的区域主要分布在低山区及山地河谷地带,占植被区面积的30.95%;⑤植被生长季延长和生长加速是柴达木盆地植被NDVI 增加的主要原因,气候的暖湿化是促使柴达木盆地植被改善的主要驱动力;⑥柴达木盆地植被改善具有强持续性,未来大部分区域植被将持续改善。