Effects of some insecticides on microbial activities in sandy soil

Abstract

Laboratory tests were conducted with 14 insecticides applied to a sandy loam to determine whether these materials caused any effects on microbial activities related to soil fertility. The ammonification of soil native organic nitrogen was not inhibited by any of the insecticide treatments. Some insecticides showed an effect on nitrification during the second week of incubation which subsequently recovered to levels similar to those obtained in the controls. There was a significant effect on denitrification in a number of treated samples. However, recovery of denitrifying capacity was rapid. This recovery indicated that the indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate the chemicals used for control of insect pests. No significant inhibition of sulfur oxidation was observed. Results indicated that the insecticide treatments at the level tested were not drastic enough to be considered deleterious to soil microbial activities important to soil fertility.     

Effect of some technical and formulated insecticides on microbial activities in soil

Abstract

The influence of 11 formulated and technical insecticides at 10 μg/g soil on growth and activities of microorganisms was determined. The populations of bacteria and fungi initially decreased with some pesticide treatments but recovered rapidly to levels similar to or greater than those of controls after three weeks. Both formulated and technical chlordane, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin stimulated fungal growth. No inhibition on nitrification after two wks and sulfur oxidation after three wks was observed in treatments with either grade of insecticide. The effect of different treatments on respiration was equal to or greater than that of control sample. Less effect was observed with technical insecticides than the formulated ones on microbial populations and activities in the soil.     

Peroxymonosulfate activation by Fe-N-S co-doped tremella-like carbocatalyst for degradation of bisphenol A: Synergistic effect of pyridine N, Fe-Nx, thiophene S

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received increasing attention due to its long-term industrial application and persistence in environmental pollution. Iron-based carbon catalyst activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) shows a good prospect for effective elimination of recalcitrant contaminants in water. Herein, considering the problem about the leaching of iron ions and the optimization of heteroatoms doping, the iron, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped tremella-like carbon catalyst (Fe-NS@C) was rationally designed using very little iron, S-C₃N₄ and low-cost chitosan (CS) via the impregnation-calcination method. The as-prepared Fe-NS@C exhibited excellent performance for complete removal of BPA (20 mg/L) by activating PMS with the high kinetic constant (1.492 min⁻¹) in 15 min. Besides, the Fe-NS@C/PMS system not only possessed wide pH adaptation and high resistance to environmental interference, but also maintained an excellent degradation efficiency on different pollutants. Impressively, increased S-C₃N₄ doping amount modulated the contents of different N species in Fe-NS@C, and the catalytic activity of Fe-NS@C-1-x was visibly enhanced with increasing S-C₃N₄ contents, verifying pyridine N and Fe-N_x as main active sites in the system. Meanwhile, thiophene sulfur (C-S-C) as active sites played an auxiliary role. Furthermore, quenching experiment, EPR analysis and electrochemical test proved that surface-bound radicals (^·OH and SO₄^⋅−) and non-radical pathways worked in the BPA degradation (the former played a dominant role). Finally, possible BPA degradation route were proposed. This work provided a promising way to synthesize the novel Fe, N and S co-doping carbon catalyst for degrading organic pollutants with low metal leaching and high catalytic ability.     

石河子市大气硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫浓度的相关性分析

对石河子市2000-2002年间硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫监测数据进行了相关分析,结果表明,二者浓度之间具有显著的相关性。并由此建立了符合各监测点环境状况的回归方程。     

生物循环流化床工艺自养反硝化研究

对城市污水厂排水进行深度处理时,生物循环流化床提供的兼性环境有利于好氧硝化细菌和兼性厌氧自养反硝化细菌的生长,自养反硝化细菌可以在低有机碳源的情况下,以硫为电子供体进行自养反硝化从而去除NO₃--N. 试验以硫作为反硝化的电子供体引入自主研发的生物循环流化床中进行脱氮,试验进水各项指标参照北京市水污染物排放标准(DB11 307-2005)二级限值. 在6个不同的工况下运行,工况5出水水质可达到国家再生利用景观环境用水的水质,出水ρ(NO₃--N)为9.23 mg/L,去除率为70.61%;出水ρ(NH₄+-N)为2.36 mg/L,去除率为77.54%;出水ρ(TN)为13.53 mg/L,去除率为68.91%;出水ρ(SO₄2-)为245.15 mg/L,去除的NO₃－-N与生成的SO₄2－质量比为1∶7.7.      

生长条件对苔藓硫含量和硫同位素组成指示大气硫沉降的影响

对相同大气沉降和土壤背景但生长条件不同的苔藓w（S）和δ（34S）进行了分析. 土生苔藓w（S）高于石生苔藓,表明土壤对苔藓w（S）指示大气硫沉降有影响. 受树冠遮挡的苔藓w（S）偏低反映了树冠吸收会削弱冠下的大气硫输入,而不同类型树冠对大气硫的截留吸收程度不同,这可能是造成树冠下方苔藓w（S）存在差异的主要原因,但随树冠厚度变化无明显规律.石生苔藓δ（34S）与大气硫δ（34S）吻合,而土生苔藓δ（34S）明显受土壤硫的影响而偏正. 此外,树冠下苔藓δ（34S）偏高还与树冠吸收大气硫的过程中发生34S歧视有关,苔藓δ（34S）随树冠厚度增加而偏正,进一步证实了树冠的长期吸收会使沉降到树冠下的大气硫源δ（34S）偏正. 因此,受生长条件歪曲了的苔藓w（S）和δ（34S）不能用于解释大气硫沉降的变化和来源,开阔地的石生苔藓比土生苔藓和受树冠遮挡的苔藓更具有大气指示意义.      

黄铁矿与硫粉配合提高污泥重金属的淋滤效果

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了黄铁矿与硫粉2种底物配合使用对污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,2种底物配合可加速污泥中重金属(Zn, Cu)的浸出,显著提高其去除率.经过18d的生物淋滤,在2种底物配合并接种的处理中,Zn和Cu的去除率分别可达89.2%,56.5%;而在单独加黄铁矿并接种的处理中两者的去除率分别为12.0%, 0.9%;单独添加硫粉并接种处理中分别为85.2%,37.6%,进一步验证了生物淋滤技术去除污泥中重金属的可行性.     

含硫油品储罐自燃机理及事故原因分析

通过企业现场调研并结合若干事故案例的剖析分析了含S油品储罐自燃事故的发生原因,总结了事故的主要影响因素。在建立含S油品储罐自燃的事故树（FTA）图的基础上,通过最小割集的计算与分析,探讨了事故的主要原因及发生条件,并提出了相应的预防控制措施。     

依靠科技进步控制环境污染

通过提高干气和液态烃的脱硫效果及提高酸性气体的硫回收率来控制大气的硫污染;通过加强废水汽提效果和完善污水处理场生化处理设施,控制外排废水氨氮总量;通过采用清洁工艺和碱渣回用来减少碱渣产生量和处理量;用焦肉炭塔处理“三泥”来解决“三泥出路。     

旋流板塔镁强化石灰脱硫过程研究

以旋流板塔为吸收器进行镁强化石灰脱硫的实验研究,测定了脱硫率、浆液pH值等随时间的变化情况,考察了硫酸镁浓度的影响,并利用实验数据计算了石灰利用率.与单用石灰脱硫对比,添加硫酸镁可明显提高脱硫率;对具有2块板的旋流板塔,硫酸镁浓度为0.2mol/L时,脱硫率从45%提高到60%以上.为保证较高的脱硫率,pH值宜控制在6.0～7.5.由于硫酸镁能促进石灰的溶解,减缓pH值的下降,因此又可提高石灰利用率;适宜条件下,0.2mol/L硫酸镁强化时可提高石灰利用率5%(所加石灰为基准)以上.