REELFOOT LAKE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The three basins of Reelfoot Lake, which is located in northwestern Tennessee, were investigated using the Cs-137 tracer technique to determine rates of sediment deposition and to estimate the time before the basins will fill with sediment. Blue Basin, the largest of the three basins with 2922 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 0.9 cm/yr from 1984 to 1984. The basin will become too shallow for most boating and recreational activities in about 200 years. Buck Basin, the central basin with 774 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.1 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 100 years. Upper Blue Basin, the most upstream and smallest basin with 439 ha, had an average annual sedimentation rate of 1.7 cm/yr and will become too shallow for most recreational uses in about 60 years. Two important sources of sediment to Reelfoot Lake are erosion from a large number of soybean fields and channelization of many of the streams that flow into the lake. Changes in land management that would reduce erosion could increase the time the lake would remain usable for recreational activities.     

Design,management, and key accomplishments of a coordinated environmental research program on acidic deposition

The present and potential adverse effects of the atmospheric input of acidic and acidifying substances on the environment have been of significant public and scientific concern for the past several decades. This article describes the background, design, implementation, and major accomplishments of a 6-yr integrated multidisciplinary environmental research program designed to address the issue of the regional scale consequences of acidic deposition on the environment and human health in Alberta. The research program was called the Acid Deposition Research Program (ADRP) and was a cooperative undertaking between industry, the Energy Resources Conservation Board, and the government of Alberta, Canada. The research effort was designed and guided by two external science advisory boards, biophysical and human health, to maintain objectivity and continuity from beginning to end. Public input was sought, encouraged, and ensured by a public advisory board. The major conclusions of the ADRP are presented as well as observations on the needs of future integrated multidisciplinary research programs.     

中国高硫煤的分布及脱硫现状

本文评论介绍了中国高硫煤的分布规律,分析了中国高硫煤的化学组成,概述了中国高硫煤脱硫技术的现状。作者认为,根据中国目前的情况,高硫煤的洗选脱硫是一项减少SO_2对大气排放量的切实可行而又经济的办法。     

REGIONAL CHEMISTRY OF LAKES IN MASSACHUSETTS 1

ABSTRACT: We surveyed over 2000 lakes in the State of Massachusetts (1983–1984) to examine the spatial variations in their acid-base chemistry. Our survey differed from previous surveys by including small lakes and nonpristine urban lakes. For samples collected in October 1983 and 1984, the median acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) was 184 μeq L^?1 and 5.9 percent were acidic (ANC≤O). Small lakes (<4 ha) were more likely to be acidic than large lakes. Generally, sulfate was the dominant acidifying agent, although organic anions were dominant in some of the lakes in the Cape Cod Region. The ionic composition of the lakes showed strong regional patterns which appear to be related to geology and human population density. An analysis of variance of ANC shows the six regional categories in the state explain 51 percent of the variance, while a combined general linear model of lake drainage type, color, elevation, size, silica, and hydrogen ion deposition could explain only 4.9 percent of the variation in ANC. Calcium rich, high ionic strength lakes were present in the marble bedrock in the west, and relatively dilute lakes dominated by sodium and chloride were found near the coast. Chloride concentrations were also related to population density, suggesting road salt as a likely contributing source.     

A national critical loads framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment: III. Deposition characterization

Methods are discussed for describing patterns of current wet and dry deposition under various scenarios. It is proposed that total deposition data across an area of interest are the most relevant in the context of critical loads of acidic deposition, and that the total (i.e., wet plus dry) deposition will vary greatly with the location, the season, and the characteristics of individual subregions. Wet and dry deposition are proposed to differ in such fundamental ways that they must be considered separately. Both wet and dry deposition rates are controlled by the presence of the chemical species in question in the air (at altitudes of typically several kilometers in the case of wet deposition, and in air near the surface for dry). The great differences in the processes involved lead to the conclusion that it is better to measure wet and dry deposition separately and combine these quantifications to produce “total deposition” estimates than to attempt to derive total deposition directly. A number of options for making estimates of total deposition to be used in critical loads assessment scenarios are discussed for wet deposition (buckets and source receptor models) and for dry deposition (throughfall, micrometeorology, surrogate surfaces and collection vessels, inference from concentrations, dry-wet ratios, and source-receptor models). The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the U.S. Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 3905. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

Ls－811－2硫磺回收催化剂的开发及应用

介绍了Ｌｓ－８１１－２催化剂的研制及在克劳斯硫磺回收装置上的工业应用，实践证明，此催化剂的活性已达到国内外同类催化剂的水平，并具有生产工艺流程简单、无三废污染、原料易得及成本较低等特点。此催化剂的开发，为生产硫磺回收催化剂开辟了新的原料路线及制备方法。     

The contribution of dry deposited ammonia and sulphur dioxide to the composition of precipitation from continuously open gauges

A series of experiments using bulk precipitation collectors of the type used in the UK precipitation chemistry network measured the amounts of NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and other ions that could be washed from funnels (diameter 15 cm) exposed to a wide range of NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations over periods from hours to days. In dry conditions, the average deposition flux of NH₃ was between 50 and 120 nmol NH₄⁺ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.1–0.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and was independent of the concentration of NH₃. Dry deposition of NH₃ to wet funnels at small NH₃ concentrations was almost 5 times that to dry funnels under the same conditions (average 240 nmol funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹; 0.7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and increased with increasing NH₃ concentrations. The amount of NH₄⁺ ions remaining on the funnel surface was inversely proportional to the vapour pressure deficit during the experiment. This result was interpreted as a dependence on the duration of surface wetness, with greater deposition of NH₄⁺ when evaporation rates of surface water were small.The amount of SO₂ deposited on funnel surfaces was closely related to the amount of NH₃ deposited, in both wet and dry conditions, but was not strongly correlated with the SO₂ concentration. At low NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations the average deposition to dry funnels was 70 nmol SO₄²⁻ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and to wet funnels was approximately 2.5 times larger. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance between the rate of evaporation of surface water, and the rate of oxidation of SO₂, which leads to the ‘fixing’ of NH₄⁺ ions on the surface as involatile salts.It is predicted that dry deposition of NH₃ to funnel surfaces across the UK Secondary Network could account for as much as one-half of the measured bulk wet deposition at sites where wet deposition of NH₄–N is small. The amount of dry deposition depends on how long and how often funnel surfaces are wetted by rain or dew, and on the air concentrations of NH₃. These predictions are based on funnels being wetted only once per day. More frequent wetting would increase the contribution from dry deposition, and the consequent overestimate of wet deposition of NH₄–N across the UK by using data obtained from bulk collectors. To some extent this overestimate may be offset by microbial degradation and loss of NH₄–N in weekly bulk precipitation samples during collection and storage.     

河流中碳、硫稳定同位素的研究进展

河流系统是全球生物地球化学循环的关键环节,是将陆地侵蚀物质输入海洋的主要通道.自然风化是河流水物源的主要营力,人为活动的影响使河流污染物的来源更加复杂,仅仅依靠主要离子组成不能很好的区分河流中物质的不同来源,而稳定碳、硫同位素可以示踪河流中物质的来源.本文综述了当代河流系统中碳、硫同位素的研究现状和分析方法,并对未来河流研究中碳-硫耦合循环研究进行了展望.     

太湖流域氮磷等大气沉降研究

采用太湖流域常州、无锡、苏州地区六个测点大气沉降一年的监测数据,研究确定太湖流域总氮、总磷及高锰酸盐指数等项目的大气湿沉降率,根据变化趋势图总结变化特征,并从中分析湿沉降率波动的原因.基于相关文献资料的查阅,根据大气湿沉降率测算大气氮磷等通过湿沉降输入太湖湖体的总量,最后初步估算太湖流域大气氮磷等总沉降量.     

上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物运动及沉降的模拟研究

建立了一个从人体口腔到前3级支气管的上呼吸道3维几何模型和流场计算模型以及可吸入颗粒物运动模型.将数值模拟结果与相关的实验数据进行了对比,表明数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.在此基础上,在拉格朗日框架下追踪研究了可吸入颗粒物的运动轨迹,并统计了颗粒物在气道内不同部位的沉积分数;对人体上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物的运动及沉积过程以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,可吸入颗粒物在上呼吸道内不同部位的沉积与呼吸强度、颗粒物密度以及粒径等因素密切相关;高呼吸强度时颗粒物在气管内的沉积分数明显升高,且随粒径的增大呈下降趋势;颗粒物在喉部的沉积分数最大,可以达到35%左右,但沉积分数受呼吸强度和粒径的影响相对较小;颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数随粒径增大呈明显下降趋势;中小呼吸强度下颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数明显高于高呼吸强度下的沉积分数.研究成果可以为可吸入颗粒物对人体健康影响的研究以及医学中气溶胶吸入疗法的研究等提供一定的依据.