Experimental investigation of a 250-kW turbine organic Rankine cycle system for low-grade waste heat recovery

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is generally used for converting low-grade heat into electricity. In this study, an extensive literature survey was conducted to identify current research gaps on experimental ORC systems. Specifically, there is limited experimental data and limited details on thermal and expander efficiencies of ORC systems. In order to address these gaps, the objective of this study included developing a turbine ORC with a power output exceeding 50 kW and thermal efficiency exceeding 8% for a heat source temperature < 120°C. The experimental results indicated that the system achieved a net power output of 242.5 kW and a thermal efficiency of 8.3% (the highest value for a turbine ORC system for the heat source temperature below 120°C). Thus, the study addressed the gaps identified in the research area of ORCs.     

江苏省12大湖泊水环境现状与污染控制建议

江苏面积大于50km^2的12个湖泊的水质恶化、面积减少、富营养化、湖泊生态系统退化与湖泊受TP、TN的污染和围湖造田等有关。经济快速发展,第二产业结构偏重,排放污染的总量超过湖泊承载力,湖泊底泥释放N、P及入糊河流携带污染物为造成湖泊环境问题的根本原因。建议调整产业结构,执行严格的排放标准,围绕重点区域、重点行业、重点企业和重点污染源治理,由控制COD为主转为控制COD和N、P并重,引水调控水质,建立湖泊资源数据库和生态系统信息网络,开展湖泊污染物来源分析和富营养化机理研究,开展跨界区域统筹对湖泊综合治理。     

卷件结合整理环境监测档案

分析了环境监测档案管理特点,提出改卷为件和卷件结合开展档案归档整理的思路与方法。划分出直接改卷为件整理和采用组件与虚拟卷整理的环境监测档案类别。提出了将卷件结合整理与改卷为件的档案纳入同一个编号体系管理的办法。     

广州市白云山降水的化学特征及源解析

以2006年广州市白云山降水监测资料为基础,对其降水样品的化学特征进行了分析。结果表明,白云山降水样品pH值分布为3.04—6.41,雨量加权pH平均值为4.26,酸雨频率为70.2％,降水中的主要阳离子是Ca^2＋和NH^＋4分别占阳离子总量的46.4％和17.5％;主要阴离子为SO^2-4和NO^-3,分别占阴离子总量的59.0％和19.9％。相对酸度（FA）和中和因子（NF）计算结果表明,约有84.7％的降水酸度被碱性成分Ca^2＋和NH^＋4中和。利用富集系数方法,计算结果表明SO^2-4和NO^-3主要来源于人类活动,而Ca^2＋和K^＋主要来源于岩石／土壤风化。     

大气氟化物对橡胶树的伤害实验研究

通过熏气模拟试验研究氟化氢气体对橡胶盆栽幼苗的影响。结果表明 :熏气后 ,橡胶苗出现典型受害症状 ,熏气浓度越高 ,受害越严重 ,叶片氟的积累量也越高。幼叶总是先于老叶受害 ,老叶对于氟的累积量高于幼叶 ;随着熏气浓度升高 ,电导率明显增加 ;熏气后 ,气孔发生变形 ,而且熏气浓度越高 ,变形越厉害 ;随叶片受害程度加大 ,叶片失绿 ,叶绿素含量降低。     

基于轮廓似然函数的PM_(10)极值浓度分析

以R软件为分析工具,选择GEV(generalized extreme value distribution)模型拟合四川省泸州市2003～2007年期间PM10每月最高日平均浓度数据,采用极大似然法估计模型的3个参数即位置参数、尺度参数、形状参数,利用所得的参数估计值计算得出某一标准值(如GB3095—1996)的重现期;进一步利用参数估计值计算轮廓似然函数,估计某一段固定时间间隔的PM10浓度的重现值以及其置信区间。结果表明,GEV模型能很好地拟合泸州市PM10数据,利用轮廓似然函数估计的不同时间间隔的重现值准确度高,统计结果可以为环境主管部门发布污染状况预警信息提供参考。     

浅谈我国旧衣服回收及再利用

随着人们生活水平的提高,服装更新速度越来越快,废旧衣服既污染环境,其再利用价值也没有发挥出来.把循环经济中的“3R原则”应用到废旧衣服回收中,以发挥废旧衣服的最大价值.     

中国区域能源效率发展演变趋势的R/S分形分析

改革开放以来中国能源效率不断地提高,但是在某些年份存在波动现象.采用非线性分形理论及分形分析R/S方法,科学定量地描述了中国以及各个地区能源效率的演变趋势.首先采用分形理论对1978-2008年的中国能源效率时间序列数据进行研究,结果显示,中国能源效率发展演变存在Hurst现象,具有明显的分形特征.并依照“五年计划”来划分时间序列样本为研究区间,结合“五年计划”详尽地解释说明了中国能源效率变动的原因.然后将数据扩大为样本期为1995-2008年29地区的面板数据,采用面板变系数模型进一步对各个地区的能源效率进行分析,发现除海南外其他地区的能源效率演变过程中具有明显的持续性规律,各个地区能源效率将继续保持增长.西部6个地区以及东北三省的能源效率演变趋势高于全国水平,说明“西部大开发”战略和“振兴东北”战略都已经显效.     

On the moral acceptability of killing animals

According to a rights view it is acceptable to kill animals if they are innocent threats or shields or are in a lifeboat situation. However, according to advocates of such a view, our practices of killing animals for food or scientific research may be morally unacceptable. In this paper we argue that, even if we grant the basic assumptions of a rights view, a good deal of killing of animals for food and scientific research continues to be morally acceptable.     

O&M SPENDING LEVELS IN THIRD WORLD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES1

ABSTRACT: Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m³ of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics.