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511.
512.
Although marine and terrestrial emissions simultaneously affect the formation of atmospheric fine particles in coastal areas, knowledge on the optical properties and sources of water-soluble matter in these areas is still scarce. In this work, taking Qingdao, China as a typical coastal location, the chemical composition of PM2.5 during winter 2019 was analyzed.Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor analysis model to explain the component... 相似文献
513.
514.
Abstract: There is an intense debate about the effects of postfire salvage logging versus nonintervention policies on regeneration of forest communities, but scant information from experimental studies is available. We manipulated a burned forest area on a Mediterranean mountain to experimentally analyze the effect of salvage logging on bird–species abundance, diversity, and assemblage composition. We used a randomized block design with three plots of approximately 25 ha each, established along an elevational gradient in a recently burned area in Sierra Nevada Natural and National Park (southeastern Spain). Three replicates of three treatments differing in postfire burned wood management were established per plot: salvage logging, nonintervention, and an intermediate degree of intervention (felling and lopping most of the trees but leaving all the biomass). Starting 1 year after the fire, we used point sampling to monitor bird abundance in each treatment for 2 consecutive years during the breeding and winter seasons (720 censuses total). Postfire burned‐wood management altered species assemblages. Salvage logged areas had species typical of open‐ and early‐successional habitats. Bird species that inhabit forests were still present in the unsalvaged treatments even though trees were burned, but were almost absent in salvage‐logged areas. Indeed, the main dispersers of mid‐ and late‐successional shrubs and trees, such as thrushes (Turdus spp.) and the European Jay (Garrulus glandarius) were almost restricted to unsalvaged treatments. Salvage logging might thus hamper the natural regeneration of the forest through its impact on assemblages of bird species. Moreover, salvage logging reduced species abundance by 50% and richness by 40%, approximately. The highest diversity at the landscape level (gamma diversity) resulted from a combination of all treatments. Salvage logging may be positive for bird conservation if combined in a mosaic with other, less‐aggressive postfire management, but stand‐wide management with harvest operations has undesirable conservation effects. 相似文献
515.
LEONARDO A. GALLO†† PAULA MARCHELLI† LUIS CHAUCHARD‡ MARCELO GONZALEZ PEÑALBA§ 《Conservation biology》2009,23(4):895-898
Abstract: Researchers dealing with conservation subjects usually do not put the results of their work into practice, even when the primary purpose of their research is the preservation of biodiversity. In the South American temperate forests we identified an area with the highest genetic diversity in Argentina of Nothofagus nervosa, one of the most relevant southern beech species. Based on the information of our scientific study and our recommendations, the authorities of Lanin National Park changed the protection status of this area to avoid logging. The new forestry management plans include consideration of "high genetic diversity" in decisions on where logging will be allowed. Results of our initial genetic study induced the analysis of biodiversity at the species and ecosystems levels, which yielded results similar to our genetic studies. A strong connection among researchers and managers from the onset of our study and the awareness of the former about the importance of the implementation of the research work were key to bridging the gap between conservation research and conservation practice. 相似文献
516.
George Foy 《Environmental management》1990,14(6):771-778
The core requirement of sustainability is that current economic activities should not result in an excessive burden on future
generations. This criterion is general enough to imply different decision rules for the preservation of environmental assets.
Neoclassical economics does not have a sustainability criterion for environmental assets independent of the intertemporal
efficiency criterion, which allocates environmental and man-made capital based on projected monetary benefits and costs. This
criterion is examined in terms of the feasibility of valuing the benefits of environmental assets, the substitution possibilities
between natural and man-made capital, and the ethical grounds for using efficiency as the sole determinant of the allocation
of environmental assets. An alternative ecological sustainability criterion is the preservation of safe minimum levels of
environmental assets in physical terms rather than the dollar value of a composite of natural and man-made capital. Safe minimum
standards for environmental assets constrain the efficiency criterion in order to ensure the sustainability of economic systems.
It is argued that the ecological approach to sustainability should limit the economic approach for decisions involving the
allocation of environmental assets. 相似文献
517.
Development along the western beachfront of Port Alfred, which is situated along a sandy shoreline, increased markedly in
the 1960s as the coastal town became a popular holiday resort. This development included the removal of coastal vegetation,
which resulted in the destabilization of dunes and migration of sand westerly onto the road, West Beach parking lot, and lawns
of the cabanas. Sand traps were constructed to collect sand blowing across the dunes over set periods, and the net sand movement
along the mobile dune belt was calculated using Hunter's equation. The dunes show an easterly movement of sand at a rate of
3.5 m/yr, which is comparable with figures recorded along other areas of this coastline. Considering the wind regime and amount
of sand movement along this coast, it is inappropriate to clear vegetation and develop within the dune region. 相似文献
518.
Almost half (354) of all fish kills (805) in South Carolina, USA, between 1978 and 1988 occurred in the coastal zone. These
kills were analyzed for causative, spatial, and temporal associations as a distinct data set and as one integrated with ambient
water quality monitoring data. Estuarine kills as a result of natural causes accounted for 42.8% followed by man-induced (35.1%)
and undetermined causes (22.1%).
Although general pesticide usage was responsible for 53.9% of man-induced kills, weed control activities around resorts and
municipal areas accounted for slightly more kills (20.9%) than did agricultural (19.8%) or vector control (13.2%) uses. A
dramatic decline in agricultural-related kills has been observed since 1986 as the integrated pest management approach was
adopted by many farmers. When taken with the few kills (12.0%) resulting from wastewaters, this suggests that these two land-use
activities have been successfully managed via existing programs (IPM and NPDES, respectively) to minimize their contributions
to estuarine fish kills.
Ambient trend monitoring data demonstrated no coastal-wide dispersion of pesticide pollution. These data confirmed the nature
of fish kills to be site-specific, near-field events most closely associated with the contiguous land-use practices and intensities.
Typically, fish kill data are considered as event-specific data limited to the bounds of that event only. Our analysis has
shown, however, that a long-term data set, when integrated with ambient water quality data, can assist in regulatory and resource
management decisions for both short- and long-term planning and protection applications. 相似文献
519.
An evaluation of coastal landscape of pine forest in Greece by summer visitors of various nationalities was carried out. The
visual preferences for a set of landscape, represented in photographs, expressed by these various nationality groups were
compared. The subjects used in this research came from Greece, Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain, Austria, Yugoslavia,
and Scandinavian countries. The findings show that there is an agreement over the basic preference, but, nevertheless, there
are differences of opinion between the nationality groups that might be attributed to cultural influences and the effect of
being familiar with their own environments. Since coastal landscape plays an important role in the tourist industry, these
findings could be very useful to policy-making agencies. 相似文献
520.
Evelyn Pluhar 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1990,3(2):147-171
The ethical theory underlying much of our treatment of animals in agriculture and research is the moral agency view. It is assumed that only moral agents, or persons, are worthy of maximal moral significance, and that farm and laboratory animals are not moral agents. However, this view also excludes human non-persons from the moral community. Utilitarianism, which bids us maximize the amount of good (utility) in the world, is an alternative ethical theory. Although it has many merits, including impartiality and the extension of moral concern to all sentient beings, it also appears to have many morally unacceptable implications. In particular, it appears to sanction the killing of innocents when utility would be maximized, including cases in which we would deliberately kill and replace a being, as we typically do to animals on farms and in laboratories. I consider a number of ingenious recent attempts by utilitarians to defeat the killing and replaceability arguments, including the attempt to make a place for genuine moral rights within a utilitarian framework. I conclude that utilitarians cannot escape the killing and replaceability objections. Those who reject the restrictive moral agency view and find they cannot accept utilitarianism's unsavory implications must look to a different ethical theory to guide their treatment of humans and non-humans. 相似文献