长江源区各拉丹冬峰雪冰中微粒季节变化及其环境意义

分析了长江源区各拉丹冬峰冰川区不同海拔采集的3个雪坑SP1、SP2和SP3样品中δ18O、不溶微粒数量浓度及主要离子浓度,以探讨本研究区域雪冰微粒含量变化及其来源.结果显示,不同粒径微粒含量变化趋势一致,3个雪坑中细微粒含量分别占总微粒的88%、78%、86%.中微粒分别占10%、19%、11%;不同粒径微粒数量浓度之间的相关系数均达0.9以上(置信度可达99%),具有良好的相关性.雪冰中不溶微粒浓度同Ca2 、Mg2 、SO2-4一样,具有明显的季节波动.非季风期微粒浓度要高于季风期2～4倍.3个雪坑非季风期微粒通量分别占一个年层雪冰中微粒总通量的73.6%、92.3%、97%,即初春季节沙尘暴对于各拉丹冬雪冰中微粒沉降贡献远大于夏.秋季节.结合NCAR/NCEP再分析资料.应用HYSPLIT-4模式模拟的不同季节5 d后向气团轨迹图表明,各拉丹冬峰冰川I区雪冰中不溶性微粒可能来源于中亚、南亚和青藏高原本身,其中影响最大的可能是青藏高原自身的沙尘源区,同时冰川区裸露基岩对雪冰中不溶微粒含量亦有贡献.     

通过式固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中18种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS;MS)快速测定蔬菜中18种农药残留的方法.样品经乙腈提取后,经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱进行分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱.采用电喷雾电离源、正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,18种农药在0.5—50μg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.995),方法最低检出限为0.4—1.5μg·kg^-1,最低定量限为1.4—5.0μg·kg^-1.在韭菜、芹菜、番茄、白菜基质中,5、10、50μg·kg^-1添加水平下的加标回收率为60.2%—126.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%—21.6%(n=3).     

纸喷雾离子源质谱对易燃液体的快速分析方法研究

为提高对易燃液体的快速检测分析能力,在经典纸喷雾质谱的基础上,发展建立了三种新型的基于纸喷雾离子化的质谱方法,分别为基于针尖辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于导电纸辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于金属网辅助纸喷雾质谱。结果显示,在优化的实验条件下,可以迅速检测到样品中的目标化合物质子化峰。对于汽油样品,目标化合物主要是烷基吡啶类同系物;对于柴油样品,目标化合物主要是几种系列的含氮杂环芳香族化合物的同系物。对汽油和柴油样品的检测浓度均能达到5×103 ppm。这三种敞开式离子源质谱方法在对易燃液体的分析中,具有选择性好、无需样品前处理、分析迅速的特点。     

包埋固定化硝化污泥处理氨氮废水的过程特性

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）包埋硝化效能良好的活性污泥制备固定化颗粒,针对不同初始氨氮浓度的模拟废水,基于序批式间歇反应器小试实验,探讨了包埋颗粒的传质效能与氮去除过程特性.实验结果表明：颗粒体积投加率为10%,实验水温为26~30℃,pH值为7.5~8.5,反应器DO浓度为4~5mg/L的条件下,各初始氨氮浓度（50~400mg/L）稳定期包埋颗粒最大氨氮去除负荷为61.8~242.3mgN/（L-particles·h）.包埋颗粒对氨氮的去除较符合零级反应动力学模型,其最大氨氧化速率（μ_max）为271.40mgN/（L-particles·h）,半饱和常数K_s为66.69mg/L,包埋颗粒内氨和氧的有效扩散系数（D_e）分别为0.467×10^-9m²/s、0.279×10^-9m²/s.SEM观察和比表面积测试结果表明,与新鲜颗粒相比,稳定期颗粒内部的比表面积和平均孔径增加.包埋颗粒,活性污泥,包埋颗粒与活性污泥混合3种体系对比实验表明,各初始氨氮浓度条件下混合体系可显著强化生物硝化与脱氮过程,并发生同时硝化反硝化现象.     

气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱测定环境样品中17种二 英

研究了基于Agilent气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱测定环境样品中17种二 英的分析方法.结果表明,在浓度范围0.5~2000ng/mL之间具有良好的线性,17种二 英的相对响应因子在0.96~1.21之间,相对标准偏差< 14%,定量限范围在0.080~2.83pg/μL之间,适合环境样品中超痕量二 英的分析.利用该方法对第15轮二 英国际实验室比对的沉积物样品进行了测试,总I-TEQ值落在Intercal给定的中位值±标准偏差范围内.研究选取污染源烟道气、飞灰、土壤和沉积物等40多个环境样品进行测试,并与高分辨质谱测定结果比较表明,当环境样品中二 英浓度在0~60ng I-TEQ范围,两者数据具有较好的线性相关性,R2=0.997.就17种单体而言,利用三重四级杆质谱测定的2,3,7,8-TCDF和1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF结果会高于高分辨质谱,而1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD的结果低于高分辨质谱的测定值.鉴于三重四级杆质谱在购置、维护和能耗等方面的低成本优势,本方法可作为简易经济的环境中超痕量二 英的分析方法.     

Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies

ATSI Model 3800 aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for single-particle analysis in Shanghai during the World Exposition (EXPO), 2010. Measurements on two extreme cases: polluted day (1st May) and clean day (25th September) were compared to show how meteorological conditions affected the concentration and composition of ambient aerosols. Mass spectra of 90496 and 50407 particles were analyzed respectively during the two sampling periods. The ART-2a neural network algorithm was applied to sort the collected particles. Seven major classes of particles were obtained: dust, sea salt, industrial, biomass burning, organic carbon (OC), elementary carbon (EC), and NH₄-rich particles. Number concentration of ambient aerosols showed a strong anti-correlation with the boundary layer height variation. The external mixing states of aerosols were quite different during two sampling periods because of different air parcel trajectories. Number fraction of biomass burning particles (43.3%) during polluted episode was much higher than that (21.6%) of clean time. Air parcels from the East China Sea on clean day diluted local pollutant concentration and increased the portion of sea salt particle dramatically (13.3%). The large contribution of biomass burning particles in both cases might be an indication of a constant regional background of biomass burning emission. Mass spectrum analysis showed that chemical compositions and internal mixing states of almost all the particle types were more complicate during polluted episode compared with those observed in clean time. Strong nitrate signals in the mass spectra suggested that most of the particles collected on polluted day had gone through some aging processes before reaching the sampling site.     

Automated indirect fluoride determination by ICP-OES using discontinuous-flow analysis

An automated method for the indirect determination of fluoride by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using discontinuous-flow analysis has been developed. A modified flow injection analysis system was used for sample preparation. The method is based on the determination of excess cerium(III) ion after precipitation of CeF₃. Separation of the precipitate is performed online on a syringe membrane filter that is cleaned each analysis cycle by 1 M nitric acid, ensuring a long life-time for the filter. As a result of the short reaction time, a detection limit of 9.5 mg L^?1 was obtained. The precision (RSD) of the proposed method is 1.02% at fluoride concentration of 28 mg L^?1. The applicability of the technique for groundwater monitoring of fluoride-contaminated area is demonstrated.     

Determination of mercury and arsenic levels in fish caught in the Beheshtabad River,Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province,Iran

Mercury and arsenic pollution has been recognized as a potential environmental and public health problem for over 40 years. The major source of exposure to mercury for humans is the ingestion of fish. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the levels of mercury and arsenic in the muscles of four fish species caught in the Beheshtabad River and comparing the results with the maximum tolerance levels for mercury and arsenic. The samples of 90 fish were used for the determination of both the metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 3.8 µg kg^?1 for mercury and from 35 to 70 µg kg^?1 for arsenic, with means of 2.7 ± 0.5 and 57 ± 12 µg kg^?1, respectively. Both mean levels were lower than the threshold limits acceptable by WHO standards.     

Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions

In this work, a new procedure for the enrichment of the trace amount of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions based on the utilization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole as chelating agent prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The influence of effective parameters including pH, amount of ligand and MWCNT, composition of eluent, and coexisting ions on recoveries of understudy metal ions was examined. At the optimum pH of 5.0, all metal ions were quantitatively sorbed onto the proposed solid phase and completely desorbed with 8?mL of 5.0?mol?L^?1 HNO₃. The detection limit of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions was 1.7, 2.4, 2.3, 2.9, 2.8, and 1.4?µg?L^?1, while the preconcentration factor was 63 for Cu²⁺ and 94 for the other metal ions and relative standard deviations between 1.8 less than 3.0%. The proposed procedure was applied for the analysis of various samples.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.