危岩体断裂特性的网格重构数值仿真研究

危岩体稳定是三峡库区的主要关注点之一。为探究不同裂纹赋存形态以及不同降雨工况下危岩体断裂的变形特性,基于围道积分原理,在Abaqus平台上利用Python语言开发了基于断裂力学理论的危岩体任意裂纹扩展的网格重构数值模拟方法,该方法与以往危岩体裂纹扩展数值模拟方法相比,能够体现危岩体裂纹尖端的断裂力学特征,实现连续介质中的非连续表达。利用此方法对重庆市万州太白编号为W15的危岩体稳定性进行了数值仿真研究,结果表明:提出的基于断裂力学理论的网格重构新型数值模拟方法在危岩体裂纹扩展研究中的适应性良好,为危岩体断裂变形特性模拟提供了一种新的数值模拟方法;危岩体的最大主应力值和剪应力值随着裂隙角度的增大呈现先增后减的趋势,危岩体的水平位移值随着裂隙倾角的增大持续减小;随着裂隙角度的增大,裂隙对危岩体变形的影响逐渐减小,危岩体的水平位移主要集中于危岩体的突出部位;危岩体裂隙长度的增大对危岩体应力及变形的影响最大,使得危岩体的变形由危岩体的突出部位向裂隙处集中;暴雨工况下危岩体的变形及位移较之天然工况要大,是影响危岩体稳定的重要因素之一;危岩体裂纹朝着危岩体的突出部位进行扩展,主要受到Ⅰ型扩展主导,随着裂纹的不断扩展,危岩体裂纹尖端的Ⅰ型应力强度因子呈现指数型上升,Ⅱ型应力强度因子变化不大,危岩体初始裂纹长度越长,危岩体裂纹尖端的Ⅰ型应力强度因子和Ⅱ型应力强度因子的绝对值越大。     

气力输送化工粉体静电带电影响因素试验研究

采用自建全尺寸粉体静电试验系统,以聚丙烯颗粒为试验介质物料,测试了气力输送过程中物料质量流量、输送气体流量以及离子风消电器对聚丙烯颗粒静电带电量的影响规律。结果表明:气力输送粉体物料时,粉体颗粒与管壁碰撞是影响颗粒带电的主要因素之一,导致颗粒带电量随颗粒质量流量降低和气体输送流量增加(风速增大)而增大。提高质量流量、降低输送气体流量并使用离子风静电消除器,是降低气力输送物料静电危害风险的重要措施。     

Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry

Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%).     

群众路线指导下高职课堂教学改革研究

针对高职课堂教学中出现的重理论教学、轻实践教学、忽视学生学习需求的多样性和个体差异性等现实问题,以党的群众路线为指导,提出高职课堂教学改革应遵循"以学生需求为根本、以课堂教学质量为基础"的基本原则,坚持走学生路线,学会站在学生的立场看问题的教学方法,大力倡导"相信学生,依靠学生,从学生中来,到学生中去"的基本教学途径,努力提高学生对教学工作的认可度、满意度,争取更加良好的课堂教学效果。     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

复杂DNAPL污染源区溶解相污染通量的升尺度计算

重非水相液体(DNAPL)污染场地中NAPL相污染物会持续溶解于地下水中,释放出溶解相污染羽,对人体健康产生威胁.准确评估DNAPL污染场地源区下游的溶解相污染通量至关重要.由于介质的非均质性常形成复杂DNAPL污染源区,其溶解相污染通量往往呈现出阶段性变化.目前溶解相污染通量计算普遍采用Christ等提出的双域升尺度模型,但该模型仅适用于弱非均质性的污染源区.本文基于大量强非均质性条件下的污染源区数值算例,修正了Christ双域模型中污染源区衰减指数的经验公式,将该模型的适用范围推广至强非均质性的复杂污染源区.通过蒙特卡罗数值算例及两个二维砂箱试验数据验证了修正模型的适用性和精度.对比结果表明:修正模型可广泛适用于不同结构的复杂DNAPL污染源区,与以往的计算方法相比,修正模型计算的溶解相污染通量精度提高了约35%.     

临汾市臭氧污染变化特征、气象影响及输送源分析

结合2014~2020年临汾市臭氧逐小时质量浓度和同期气象数据、再分析数据以及潜在源贡献函数法（PSCF）对临汾市O₃污染时空变化特征、与气象因子的关系以及传输路径及潜在源分布开展研究.结果表明,临汾市近年来臭氧污染日益严重,O₃_8h_max年均质量浓度整体呈现上升趋势,2020年相对于2014年增加78.79%;月变化特征呈现“M”双峰型,季节变化峰值出现在夏季,而日变化受近地面大气光化学过程影响显著,呈较为明显的单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00~16：00.O₃浓度与气温和日照时数呈显著线性正相关,当研究区相对湿度为40%~60%,气温高于20℃,风速区间为2~6m/s时易出现高浓度O₃污染.聚类分析表明临汾市O₃重污染天气期间以短距离输送气流为主,高O₃浓度除受到本地生成影响外,还受到省内临近城市及陕西省中部、河南省北部重工企业排放的大量NO_x和VOCs传输的影响.因此,针对临汾市O₃污染在严格控制本地污染源排放的前提下,必须加强汾渭平原地区的联防联控,才能有效缓解该区域大气污染的连片发生.     

Protonated acetone ion chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia

Ammonia (NH₃) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, it can affect the formation of secondary aerosols and particulate matter, and cause soil eutrophication through sedimentation. Currently, the use of radioactive primary reagent ion source and the humidity interference on the sensitivity and stability are the two major issues faced by chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in the analysis of atmospheric ammonia. In this work, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Kr lamp was used to replace the radioactive source, and acetone was ionized under atmospheric pressure to obtain protonated acetone reagent ions to ionize ammonia. The ionization source is designed as a separated three-zone structure, and even 90 vol.% high-humidity samples can still be directly analyzed with a sensitivity of sub-ppbv. A signal normalization processing method was designed, and with this new method, the quantitative relative standard deviation (RSD) of the instrument was decreased from 17.5% to 9.1%, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.8340 to 0.9856. The humidity correction parameters of the instrument were calculated from different humidity, and the ammonia concentrations obtained under different humidity were converted to its concentration under zero humidity condition with these correction parameters. The analytical time for a single sample is only 60 sec, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.59 pptv (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The ambient measurement made in Qingdao, China, in January 2021 with this newly designed CIMS, showed that the concentration of ammonia ranged from 1 to 130 ppbv.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.