市政污泥热电厂循环流化床协同焚烧技术验证研究

以市政污泥为原料,利用某热电厂循环流化床锅炉进行协同焚烧验证研究.试验表明,循环流化床锅炉热电厂污泥协同焚烧的泥煤质量比可在0～0.3之间根据用户需求调节,炉膛燃烧温度〉850℃,烟气停留时间2.59s,符合《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》（GB18485—2001）中850℃烟气停留时间〉2s的要求;脱硫塔烟气进出口NOx、SO2浓度低于锅炉未掺烧污泥前浓度,粉煤灰重金属含量低于《农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准》（GB8173-87）中粉煤灰农用标准限值（在酸性土壤上：Cd5mg·kg-1,Pb250mg·kg-1）,粉煤灰烧失量满足掺混前Ⅱ级品质要求.因此,循环流化床锅炉污泥协同焚烧可有效解决当地城镇污水厂污泥出路,最终实现污泥妥善、安全处置需求.     

1959-2008年乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水径流变化及其原因

采用数理统计、 Morlet小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验对乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1959-2008年径流序列进行分析,揭示了冰川融水径流的变化趋势、 周期特征和突变特性,并对径流与气候、 冰川变化关系进行了探讨。结果表明:乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近50 a来径流增加趋势显著,特别是在1993年发生突变后,平均径流较1993年前增加了69.4%。径流序列第一主周期为15 a,第二主周期为6 a。在13~16 a时间尺度上看,1号冰川融水径流在未来的几年将继续保持偏多趋势,但是从5~7 a和超长期时间尺度上看则相反。冰川融水径流与冰川物质平衡、 年均气温、 消融期气温及年降水量存在良好的瞬时响应关系,其中消融期气温的振动对冰川融水径流振动能量贡献最大,在气温超过2 ℃时,径流将加速增长。物质平衡变化100 mm可引起河流径流变化22.9×10⁴ m³,1号冰川过去50 a累积物质平衡为-13 693 mm,相当于额外补给河流径流量3 135.7×10⁴ m³,约是年径流量的16.1倍。     

深圳市机动车PM_(2.5)排放因子隧道测试研究

为深入了解深圳市机动车排放PM2.5化学特性,选取深圳具有代表性的城市隧道进行机动车排放因子测试。通过连续8 d的监测,获得隧道内PM2.5质量、EC、OC的浓度、交通参数、气象参数等实测数据。利用单程隧道活塞效应计算出隧道内机动车排放PM2.5质量、EC、OC的平均排放因子,分别为64.0,9.68,20.2 mg(/km.辆)。隧道内OC/EC的值在0.32~0.74之间,平均为0.52,表明深圳市机动车对PM2.5的排放,柴油车起主要作用。对塘朗山隧道与国内外其他隧道实验的测定结果进行比较,结果显示PM2.5质量的平均排放因子高低与机动车组中重型车所占比例大小规律一致,说明机动车组中重型车比例是城市控制机动车PM2.5排放的主要因素。利用线性回归分别计算重型车、轻型车对PM2.5质量、EC、OC的排放因子,经分析重型车为深圳市机动车尾气排放控制的重点,尤其是重型柴油车。     

基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型*

为准确评定岩体稳定性等级,引入未确知测度理论、多元联系度理论和同异反确定不确定体系,建立基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型。该模型通过指标组合权重值和单指标测度矩阵,得出多指标综合测度矩阵、同异反联系度矩阵和模糊评价矩阵。并借助多元联系度定量计算待评岩体的评价等级、定性分析及准确预判岩体稳定性的发展趋势,较好地优化置信度评价过程,克服传统模型不能定量表达不确定性因素的缺陷,而且拓展指标隶属等级交叉的特性。以1号岩体为例,研究结果表明:岩体的稳定性等级为Ⅲ级,处于基本稳定状态,但有着向不稳定状态（Ⅳ级）移动的趋势。模型的评价结果与实际结果相吻合,说明应用该模型评判岩体稳定性等级是有效可行的。     

THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL TRANSFER IN STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two-dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice-covered condition and the ice-free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.     

Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

PM_2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site (referred herein as “LLH site”) located in the southwest of Beijing. The offline aerosol mass spectrometry (offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). Organic aerosol (OA) always dominated PM_2.5 during the sampling period, especially in winter. WSOA pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn (31.1 µg/m³) and winter (31.9 µg/m³), while WSOA accounted for 54.4% of OA during the polluted period in autumn, much more than that (21.3%) in winter. The oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level (oxygen-to-carbon ratio, O/C=0.91) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol (POA) during the whole observation period. In winter, coal combustion OA (CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of WSOA. In autumn, biomass burning OA (BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted period. In addition to oxygenated OA (OOA), aqueous-oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of SOA. During heavy pollution period, the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly, implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase process. The result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning, as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.     

基于车载诊断系统的轻型乘用车实际道路油耗特征分析

近年来的一系列研究表明,轻型车实际道路油耗与型式认证油耗间的差异在不断增大,之前的实际道路油耗研究大多基于用户上报数据或车载排放测试系统(PEMS).车载诊断系统(OBD)是一种监测发动机及排放控制系统实时工作状态的仪器.本研究通过OBD解码器采集瞬时发动机进气量计算机动车瞬态油耗并通过2辆轻型汽油车的实验室台架测试证明该方法具有很好的准确性(差异在±5%以内).本研究进一步在北京选取了7辆轻型汽油车,利用OBD解码器开展实际道路油耗测试,并研究运行工况及车辆载重对其实际道路油耗的影响.实际道路结果显示测试车辆在典型工况下的油耗比型式认证油耗高23.1%~46.4%,平均差异为29.2%.通过微观运行模态方法将实际道路油耗修正到法规测试循环(NEDC工况)的交通特征下,道路油耗仍然比型式认证油耗高18.7%±7.1%.研究表明,平均速度与实际道路油耗具有很强的相关性.实际道路油耗在30 km·h-1以下时会随速度降低而显著上升.此外,研究还发现如果车辆载重增加260 kg,实际道路油耗将上升6.2%±2.2%.     

基于动态质量平衡的室内颗粒物沉降规律研究

目前室内颗粒物污染问题已经受到广泛关注.越来越多的流行病学研究表明,大气悬浮颗粒物浓度对人体健康存在显著的负影响.由于个人在室内滞留的时间可能超过全天时间的90％,因此剖析室外颗粒物向室内的传输渗透机理,对掌握室内微环境下的颗粒浓度水平至关重要.本实验以青岛一办公室为研究对象,使用具有4个尺寸间隔的光学计数器同时测量室内和室外的颗粒物浓度,粒径分布范围在0.3~2.5μm,采集时间为2016年4月~9月.根据实验数据,采用基于时间的动态质量平衡模型,估算了换气次数在0.03~0.25h^-1范围内的室内颗粒物渗透率和沉降速率分别为0.45~0.82h^-1和0.94~2.82m/h,并分析了这些参数随粒径大小的变化规律.其结论为进一步研究颗粒物在室内的传输机理和运动轨迹提供参数.     

南极拉森北部冰架表面物质损失机制探讨

基于解密航片、光学遥感影像以及卫星雷达测高数据,完成一个较长时间序列的拉森A和B冰架的范围及表面高程变化监测.在此基础上,结合NCEP/NCAR夏季逐月平均气温数据和GPCP全球降水数据这两种气象数据来探讨拉森北部冰架表面物质平衡机制.结果表明：随着气温的升高,拉森A和B冰架自1968年以来总共消失了14 000km²的浮冰.当前,拉森A冰架已经完全消失,拉森B冰架仅存2 000km².伴随着冰架的持续崩塌与退缩,拉森北部冰架展现出高程持续降低的趋势,而且拉森A冰架的降低速度（-0.45m/a）明显高于拉森B冰架（-0.09m/a）.作为冰架表面物质平衡估算的两个主要参数,拉森A冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.16℃升高到近期的0.84℃;拉森B冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.04℃升高到近期的0.66℃.过去几十年的降水量变化对拉森北部冰架表面物质累积产生的影响很小,反倒是夏季温暖的降雨进一步加剧该地区的表面物质负平衡.对于持续崩塌与退缩型的拉森北部冰架来说,其高程降低除了受到冰架表面冰雪融化与再凝结导致的积雪致密化驱动外,还受到冰架后退导致的背向应力减少,进而导致的冰架物质输送加快的深刻影响.总之,在全球气候变暖的背景下,拉森A和B冰架的表面物质体现出越来越明显的负平衡趋势.     

Measurement of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide concentrations during autumn in Beijing, China

Gaseous peroxides play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. To understand the pathways of the formation and removal of peroxides, atmospheric peroxide concentrations and their controlling factors were measured from 7:00 to 20:00 in September, October, and November 2013 at a heavily trafficked residential site in Beijing, China, with average concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) at 0.55 ppb and 0.063 ppb, respectively. H₂O₂ concentrations were higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning and evening, while MHP concentrations did not exhibit a regular diurnal pattern. Both H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations increased at dusk in most cases. Both peroxides displayed monthly variations with higher concentrations in September. These results suggested that photochemical activity was the main controlling factor on variations of H₂O₂ concentrations during the measurement period. Increasing concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by motor vehicles were important contributors to H₂O₂ and MHP enrichment. High levels of H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations which occurred during the measurement period probably resulted from the transport of a polluted air mass with high water vapor content passing over the Bohai Bay, China.