废弃烟草资源化利用研究进展

我国是烟草生产大国,每年相应产生大量废弃烟草。通过萃取法可从废弃烟叶中提取烟碱,提取的烟碱具有杀虫及治疗疾病的功效;烟梗、烟末废料经粉碎加工之后可制成烟草薄片;废弃烟杆经炭化活化后能制成活性炭,还可制成纤维板等;废弃烟草经生物技术处理后可制得乙醇和有机肥等。本文结合国内外相关研究资料,对废弃烟草的利用进行了综述及展望。     

卷烟烟气中多环芳烃的测定

卷烟烟气样品经环己烷超声提取、薄层色谱分离纯化后 ,再用毛细管气相色谱分析测定 结果表明 ,多环芳烃的回收率在 80 %以上 ,检测限在 8— 10 0 pg之间 ,本方法测定的每支卷烟主流烟气中多环芳烃的浓度在 8 9— 4 5 4 8ng·支 -1之间 壳聚糖改性醋纤滤嘴对卷烟烟气中多环芳烃有较好的截滤效果     

烟草粉尘的双重危害及防治技术

基于烟草粉尘的物理、化学特性,对烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害进行了分析,提出了从"人、机、环、管"4个方面开展烟草粉尘的收集、清扫、治理、监测等烟草粉尘防治工作。通过建立除尘系统、佩戴防尘口罩、定期浓度检测,尽可能降低环境中的烟草粉尘浓度,减少生产过程中的吸入量,可以避免职业性危害;通过采用防爆、隔爆、泄爆设备设施、规范操作行为、实时在线监测,控制烟草粉尘的爆炸风险,尽可能降低爆炸事故发生的可能性或爆炸产生的不良影响,从而降低烟草粉尘的职业病危害与粉尘爆炸双重危害。     

广西百色植烟区土壤及烟株硼含量特征研究

为了科学补充烟田土壤硼元素,平衡土壤与烟株之间的硼营养,并最终改善烟叶品质,本研究选择广西百色靖西市壬庄乡史典村、化峒镇三友村及德保县燕峒乡那布村植烟区为研究对象,分析了烟株及其根系土壤的硼素含量特征。结果表明:(1)史典村土壤全量硼变化范围为35.23～90.47mg/kg,平均值为52.44±14.5mg/kg,处于中等水平;三友村变化范围为19.27～42.01mg/kg,平均值为28.26±6.72mg/kg,处于缺乏水平;那布村变化范围为84.28～130.71mg/kg,平均值为110.76±13.7mg/kg,处于丰富水平;(2)三块烟田上部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占4.17%,其余均处于高含量水平;中部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占20%,其余均处于高含量水平;三友村下部烟叶硼含量处于适宜水平的占60%,处于低水平及欠缺水平的占40%。三块烟田烟株的烟茎、上部及中部烟叶的钙硼比均低于1340,处于不缺硼状态;三友村下部烟叶钙硼比略高于1500,处于缺硼状态;(3)三块烟田烟株硼含量均为上部烟叶>中部烟叶>烟茎,两两之间具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),即硼在新生组织中含量较成熟组织高;(4)土壤pH与土壤硼含量及上部烟叶硼含量呈极显著负相关,与烟茎硼及中部烟叶硼含量呈显著负相关;上部烟叶硼含量与土壤硼含量呈极显著正相关,中部烟叶硼含量与土壤硼含量呈显著正相关,说明可在一定范围内改良土壤pH及调节土壤硼含量,以提升烤烟品质。     

两种生物炭对烤烟生长、根际土壤性质和微生物群落结构的影响

为探明生物炭对烤烟生长影响的作用机理,选取小麦秸秆炭(WB)和烟杆炭(TB)为试验材料,以不添加生物炭处理CK为对照,采用盆栽试验,研究两种生物炭对团颗期烟草的农艺性状和根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,WB和TB处理烟草的地上部干重分别增加4.4和4.7倍,土壤硝态氮含量分别降低64.7%和47.6%,脱氢酶活性降低56.4%和48.7%.WB和TB两处理土壤细菌和真菌的Shannon和Simpson多样性指数及Chao1丰富度指数均显著降低,细菌的OTUs数分别显著减小20.6%和18.0%,真菌的OTUs数分别显著减小53.8%和77.4%.细菌优势菌种中,WB处理放线菌门相对丰度提高69.5%,TB处理Saccharibacteria的丰度提高129.7%,WB和TB处理疣微菌门丰度分别降低37.6%和40.9%.真菌优势菌种中,TB处理子囊菌门丰度提高133.8%,WB和TB处理接合菌门的丰度分别降低87.5%和92.9%.通过β多样性分析可知,烟杆炭对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响大于小麦秸秆炭.     

光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响

以烤烟（Nicotiana tabacum）云烟87为材料,在烤烟团棵期和打顶期用透光率相近的有色薄膜分别对其进行遮光处理直到采收结束,研究光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响。结果表明：蓝光有促进烟株生殖生长和延缓烟叶成熟的作用,红光、黄光和白光对烟株的生育进程无明显影响,打顶期遮光有延长烟株大田生育期的趋势。光质对叶片生长发育影响最大,红光和蓝光的影响效应主要表现在烟叶生育前期,黄光和白光的影响效应主要体现在烟叶生育后期。自然光和红膜下烟株的农艺性状综合表现最好,红光有促进烟茎生长和叶片发育的作用,蓝光和黄光则抑制茎干生长和降低叶面积。烟株生长前期增加红光比例有助于初烤烟叶主要经济性状的改善,后期蓝光的作用逐渐凸显。烟株不同生长时期红光和黄光的适当组合在改善烟叶品质中起着重要作用,烟株生长前期增加红光比例有利于降低初烤烟叶烟碱和蛋白质含量,提高糖类物质含量和评吸质量,但对氧化钾含量作负效应贡献;烟株生长后期提高黄光比例可使初烤烟叶的化学成分更为协调,对吸食品质有较好的提升作用。     

烟草废水菌群处理及主要污染物降解过程解析

烟草制品加工过程中会产生大量的废水,且含有尼古丁等多种复杂的有毒难降解污染物,如不合理处置,将对环境造成严重的污染并危害人类健康,因而有效处理该类废水是烟草行业中一个亟待解决的技术难题.利用梯度筛选驯化法从环境中获得3组高效处理烟草加工废水的菌群,其中高效菌群C对化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达83.1%,且其他各项指标如色度、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)及磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)等均明显降低.微生物群落结构分析结果显示,菌群的香农-威纳指数(Shannon-Wiener Index)、辛普森多样性指数(Simpson Index)和菌群丰富度指数(ACE)分别为3.645、0.978、106,表明菌群多样性高,物种构成复杂,分布均匀.菌群C中变形菌门占有最大比例为48.7%,其次为放线菌门,比例为11.5%,并在菌群中检测出多种具有降解杂环芳香化合物、芳烃及酚类等物质的菌种.污染物检测结果证明,菌群处理后污染物整体去除率近90%,其中尼古丁被完全降解,去除率为100%.本研究获得的菌群不仅可以针对性的降解主要污染物尼古丁,且能够全面去除其他污染物,在烟草废水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

重庆市植烟土壤中镁的化学行为研究

采用原子吸收分光光度计测定经过连续浸提的土样中镁的化学性能。结果表明，重庆市植烟土样中水溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态、残留态镁的含量分别为0．01、0．59、0．15、0．6、0．63cmol／kg，各形态所占的百分比分别为0．5％，29．7％，7．5％，30．3％，32％，均低于0．8—1．6cmol／kg的正常水平。植烟土壤对镁的最大吸附量为1.25mg／g，吸附作用较好，故适量施加镁肥将会促进烟叶质量的提高。     

Effects of nematicides on population of pratylenchus penetrans and growth of flue‐cured tobacco

Abstract

Field studies were conducted on loamy sand at Tamscu farm, Delhi, Ontario, to compare the spring ridge application of Telone C17 at 73 and 101L/ha, Vorlex at 28 and 84L/ha, Vorlex CP at 50L/ha, and spring rotovated application of oxamyl at 2.24kg/ha respectively for the control of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek., and for effects on the yield and quality of fluecured tobacco. Experiments were conducted on May 9 in an area that had been summer fallowed in previous year. Nematode densities of P. penetrans per kilogram of soil were lower than other treatments and controls with Telone C17 at 73 L/ha treated plots on May 24; with Vorlex at 28 L on June 7; Vorlex at 84 L on May 24 and on June 7; Vorlex CP on June 7, and with oxamyl on Sept. 6. The nematode population counts per gram dry weight of root were lower with Telone C17 at 73 L/ha on June 7, July 5, and at 101 L/ha on July 5; with Vorlex at 28 L/ha on June 7, July 5, and Sept. 6; with Vorlex at 84 L/ha on June 7, June 21, July 5 and Sept. 6, and with Vorlex CP at 50 L/ha on June 7, July 5 and Sept. 6 in the ridged soil. The population was lower with oxamyl on June 21, July 5, and Sept. 6 in the rotovated soils. There was no difference in the agronomic data on yield, indices of grade, crop and maturity, while tobacco plant height and dry weight in the ridged fanning were greater with treatments of Vorlex at 84 L and Vorlex CP at 50 L/ha. The ridged farming had greater yield of tobacco than rotovated farming. Vorlex was the most effective of all nematicides used in the experiment.     

TGA analysis of tobacco rob pyrolysis and release characteristics of noncondensable gas in a fixed-bed reactor

In this study, the size of tobacco rob (TR) particle was considered as a major factor in determining the mass loss in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and product yield and composition at different reactor temperatures in the fixed-bed reactor. The TGA results showed that the conversion rate increased and the activation energy (ranged from 53.29 to 58.25 kJ/mol) decreased with a decrease in particle size. The experiments demonstrated that fuel gas yield (from 0.76 to 0.82 Nm³/kg at 900 °C) increased with a decrease in particle size while char and tar yield decreased. Smaller particle sizes resulted in higher H₂ (25.68%) and CO (27.36%) contents. Minimizing the size of raw materials is an alternative method to improve the gas quality of TR pyrolysis. The increase of gas yield was attributed to the decomposition of char and tar vapor as temperature increased.