福州山仔水库底泥磷释放规律的研究

时福州山仔水库底泥中磷的释放规律研究结果表明：影响山仔水库底泥磷释放的主要因素是上覆水中的磷浓度、温度和溶解氧。并通过对底泥样品中的各种磷形态含量与上覆水中的磷浓度进行线性相关分析，均具有良好的相关性。     

两次金汞齐-冷原子荧光光谱法测定大气中的痕量气态总汞

建立了两次金汞齐-冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)测定大气中痕量气态总汞(TGM)的方法。研究表明:本方法的绝对检出限为2 pg;当以0.2~0.4 L·min-1 采样速度,采集12~48 h时,采样效率> 99%,精密度为9.63%;样品经2次循环加热分析,热解吸效率> 99%。这种分析方法还可以运用到其他环境样品痕量汞的测定。     

A method for calculating the total ozone amount in the clear skies

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A2/O工艺处理城市污水的应用研究

介绍了A2/O脱氮除磷工艺处理城市污水的机理、特点及存在问题。根据污水处理厂的实际运行情况,分析了影响A2/O工艺的因素,采取了提高除磷效果的一些措施。实践表明这些措施对提高除磷效果具有明显作用。     

城市污水深度处理工艺的设计与运行

在水资源日趋紧张的今天,污水的深度处理回用工艺成了人们探讨的热点。结合郑州市五龙口污水处理厂的设计与运行,介绍了以改良氧化沟为主体的污水深度处理回用工艺,并对工艺除磷脱氮及污水深度处理的原理、设计参数、运行情况及运行条件的控制进行了介绍。运行结果表明该工艺既具有较高的COD、SS去除效率,又解决了传统氧化沟在脱氮除磷时存在相互影响的矛盾问题,在进水COD为326mg/L、SS为301mg/L、NH_4~+-N为45．1mg/L、TP为4．1mg/L;出水COD为21mg/L、SS为9mg/L、NH_4~+-N为1．4mg/L、TP为0．6mg/L,各项指标均达到了景观用水标准。     

Optimizing process parameters for the adsorption of phosphorus from synthetic wastewater on coconut shell based activated carbon

Activated carbon was prepared from coconut shell, an agricultural waste, for the removal of phosphorus from synthetic phosphorus‐containing wastewater. The activated carbon obtained from the coconut shell was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, and sorption time on the adsorptive potential of the prepared activated carbon. Response surface methodology was employed to study the interactions among the variables and to optimize the process conditions for the maximum removal of phosphorus using the coconut shell–based activated carbon (CNS). The characterization results from the FTIR showed the presence of variety of functional groups, such as ?OH, ?NH, C=O, C?H, C?N, CH₃, and CH₂, which explains the CNS's improved adsorption behavior on the colloidal particles. A maximum performance of 95.22% was obtained for CNS at the optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage = 1,000 milligrams (local variable), pH 2 (local variable), particle size = 0.2 millimeters (local variable), and sorption time = 4.2 hours (global variable).     

有机肥施用对田面水氮磷流失风险的影响

为探明化肥配施有机肥对田面水氮、磷流失及水稻系统养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,设置常规施肥处理（FN）、常规施肥减氮磷量20%处理（F0）、减氮磷20%+有机肥处理（F1~F4处理有机肥施用量分别为1 500、3 000、4 500和6 000 kg/hm2）共6个处理,探索化肥减量20%配施有机肥的最优组合.结果表明:不同施肥处理下,田面水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）均于施肥后第1天达到峰值,随后迅速下降,于第7天后逐渐趋于稳定,ρ（TN）和ρ（NH₄+-N）分别维持在各自峰值的5.1%~10.9%与4.8%~9.6%,田面水中ρ（TP）的变化趋势与ρ（TN）相似;F0与F1处理均能有效降低田面水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）.与FN处理相比,F1处理下ρ（TN）、ρ（NH₄+-N）与ρ（TP）平均值分别降低了6.5%、9.1%和3.1%,该处理能够有效地降低氮、磷养分流失风险,且增施有机肥可使水稻增产0.2%~19.8%,地上部分氮、磷累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而显著增加（P < 0.05）.综合水稻产量、养分吸收和田面水养分动态等指标发现,F1处理不仅能提高区域双季稻产量,还能有效控制田面水氮、磷养分浓度,降低氮、磷地表径流产生的农田面源污染风险,是针对南方双季稻田的一项"控源节流"优化施肥模式.      

Transformation and migration of phosphorus in excess sludge reduction pretreatment by alkaline ferrate oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion

Recently,more and more attention has been paid to the strong oxidation ability of newly prepared potassium ferrate(NAPF) in sludge reduction process,but less attention has been paid to the change of phosphorus in this process.The feasibility of phosphorus migration and transformation during excess sludge reduction pretre atment using NAPF pre-oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion was investigated.After 70 mg/g suspended solids NAPF pretreatment and 16 days anaerobic digestion,the solid-phase volatile suspended solids decreased by 44.2%,and much organic matter had been released into the liquid-phase and then degraded during digestion by indigenous microorganisms.As the sludge pre-oxidation process was performed,solid-phase organic phosphorus and chemically combined phosphorus also released into the liquid-phase as PO_4~(3-),peaking at 100 mg/L.During anaerobic digestion,the Fe~(3+)in the liquid-phase was gradually reduced to Fe~(2+),and then formed Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound crystals and re-migrated to the solid-phase.The concentration of PO_4~(3-) decreased to 17.08± 1.1 mg/L in the liquid-phase after anaerobic digestion.Finally,the phosphorus in the Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound accounts for 80% of the total phosphorus in the solid-phase.A large number of vivianite crystals in sludge were observed.Therefore,this technology not only effectively reduces sludge,but also increases the proportion of PO_4~(3-)in the sludge in the form of Vivianite.     

可重复使用航天器空间辐射效应评价关键问题及解决方法

介绍了可重复使用航天器及其应用需求,分析了其在太空遭遇的空间辐射环境及效应,探讨了可重复使用航天器的空间辐射效应评价在元器件退火效应研究及工程化、地面模拟试验设施及评价技术、地面检测维护及评价、抗辐射设计规范等方面存在的问题,提出了深入开展元器件空间环境效应及退火效应机理研究,给出适合可重复使用航天器的指标和评价体系;搭建多功能的综合环境效应地面模拟试验装置,加强多因素环境协同效应机理研究,建立空间多因素环境协同效应试验方法;开展空间环境多因素协同效应仿真,加强可重复使用航天器辐射效应预示方法的深入研究等解决途径。     

污水生物处理工艺低温下微生物种群结构

构建有针对性的运行控制策略是我国城市污水生物处理工艺冬季低水温条件下高效稳定运行的重要保证.以我国北方低温期（8~15℃）稳定运行的4个典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,利用高通量测序方法系统解析了活性污泥中的微生物群落及碳、氮、磷去除等关键功能种群结构,阐明了重要功能种群在低温影响下的动态变化及与污染物去除性能间关系,为控制策略的有效建立提供了坚实的科学数据基础.尽管存在着不同工艺形式,但结果表明低温期活性污泥均具有较为良好的种群丰富度,其中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）在低温期优势地位提升;关键功能种群中硝化种属Nitrosomonas受温度影响较大,而作为核心种群的反硝化种属则因分布广泛及多样性高,整体丰度受温度变化影响较小,工艺的反硝化性能仅与回流比具有相关性;Tetrasphaera在4个工艺中广泛存在但仅在厌氧/好氧交替条件下承担主要除磷功能;低温下4个工艺中多种丝状菌优势生长并诱发污泥膨胀,但对出水水质影响较小.