大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源识别

研究了北京市2000年采暖期和非采暖期2个典型代表月(6月和12月)不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度特征以及不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)分布特征,并同时利用比值法和化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)中PAHs的来源进行识别和解析.研究结果表明:北京市采暖期ρ(颗粒物)明显高于非采暖期;采暖期和非采暖期不同粒径颗粒物的比例有差别,采暖期、非采暖期ρ(PM₁₀)分别约占ρ(TSP)的0.662和0.734;PAHs具有更明显富集于细颗粒物中的特征;源解析结果表明燃煤污染和机动车污染是PM₁₀中PAHs的最主要来源.      

外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移的影响

外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移转化的影响尚不清楚,阐明该问题对于底泥疏浚实施后流域尺度上的外源控制及管理具有重要的意义.本研究以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,采用野外原位模拟疏浚的方法研究在有无外源颗粒物输入条件下,疏浚前后新生泥水界面磷的迁移转化过程,并探讨疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果.结果表明,疏浚后阻止外源颗粒物输入对沉积物总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的控制产生着积极的影响;疏浚显著降低了表层沉积物潜在可移动磷的含量,有外源颗粒物输入组潜在可移动态磷(Mobile-P)含量显著高于无外源组,变化的Mobile-P以铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,有机磷(Org-P)次之,弱结合态磷(Lb-P)含量较低不足总磷的1‰;实验210d后,有外源颗粒物输入疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于未疏浚组,无外源疏浚组显著低于未疏浚组(P 0. 05);无外源疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度保持着较低的水平,其余组间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P浓度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度与其对应分层沉积物中Fe-P含量显著正相关;冬春季间沉积物的源-汇功能发生了转变,沉积物对上覆水由汇转变成为源;疏浚措施降低了底泥内源磷释放速率,可有效控制其内源磷释放,阻止外源颗粒物输入对疏浚控制内源磷负荷起到了较好的促进作用.     

上海市典型地区环境空气可吸入颗粒物中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

为了探究上海市典型地区环境空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中重金属的污染水平及其对人体的健康风险,本研究分别于夏季和冬季在上海徐汇区和金山区设置多个采样点,采集室外大气PM_(10)样品,同时招募相同区域各20名志愿者进行室内颗粒物采集,分析其中Cr、As、Pb、Cd和Hg的含量,并采用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的风险进行评价.结果显示,上海市典型地区环境空气中的PM_(10)浓度范围为36.6～266.6μg·m~(-3),其中,冬季浓度高于夏季,城市浓度高于农村,室外浓度高于室内;PM_(10)中重金属含量从高到低依次是AsPbCrCdHg,且呈一定的空间分布关系,室外Pb和Cd的平均浓度高于室内,As则是室内浓度高于室外.上海市典型地区环境空气PM_(10)中的重金属致癌风险为成年人高于儿童,As存在潜在致癌风险.     

污水处理厂自动控制系统综述

针对我国污水处理厂自动控制系统的现状 ,简述了污水处理控制系统的控制原理、特点、构成和功能分析了系统的故障原因、干扰因素、智能性及提高系统智能性的方法 ,介绍了模糊控制等新方法在污水处理控制系统中的应用以及系统的功能扩展 ,为建立我国自己完善的污水处理厂集散控制系统提供了一些思路     

港口煤炭码头大气降尘与总量控制

提出了煤炭港口煤尘污染总量控制的方法 ,论证了港口大气降尘与煤尘污染的关系。运用平均数控制图的原理 ,解决控制港口煤尘污染的问题。     

青海省西宁市和天峻县大气颗粒物中有机氯农药和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平与分布

本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气颗粒物中有机氯农药(OCPs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平.结果表明,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs主要为DDTs、HCHs.西宁市DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:35 pg·m-3、5.9 pg·m-3(夏季)和93 pg·m-3、11 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:83pg·m-3、6.4 pg·m-3(夏季)和28 pg·m-3、6.7 pg·m-3(冬季).与亚洲其它地区相比,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs处于较低水平.西宁市大气颗粒物中DL-PCBs的平均水平分别为:0.52 pg·m-3(夏季),0.99 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县为:0.58 pg·m-3(夏季)、0.52 pg·m-3(冬季).西宁市夏、冬两季OCPs的平均水平均大于天峻县,而两地DL-PCBs的平均水平相当.本研究中高原地区DL-PCBs的分布特点及变化规律与极地地区的研究相比存在一定的相似性,而DDTs和HCHs则存在差异性.     

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles (TSP) is an effective parameter that describes the speed of atmospheric particulate matter deposit to the natural surface. It is also an important indicator to the capacity of atmosphere self-depuration. However, the spatial and temporal variations in dry deposition velocity of TSP at different urban landscapes and the relationship between dry deposition velocity and the meteorological parameters are subject to large uncertainties. We concurrently investigated this relationship at four different landscapes of Guangzhou, from October to December of 2009. The result of the average dry deposition velocity is (1.49 ± 0.77), (1.44 ± 0.77), (1.13 ± 0.53) and (1.82 ± 0.82) cm/sec for urban commercial landscape, urban forest landscape, urban residential landscape and country landscape, respectively. This spatial variation can be explained by the difference of both particle size composition of TSP and meteorological parameters of sampling sites. Dry deposition velocity of TSP has a positive correlation with wind speed, and a negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed is the strongest factor that affects the magnitude of TSP dry deposition velocity, and the temperature is another considerable strong meteorological factor.We also find out that the relative humidity brings less impact, especially during the dry season. It is thus implied that the current global warming and urban heat island effect may lead to correlative changes in TSP dry deposition velocity, especially in the urban areas.     

Sewage sludge disintegration by high-pressure homogenization: A sludge disintegration model

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) technology was applied as a pretreatment to disintegrate sewage sludge. The effects of homogenization pressure, homogenization cycle number, and total solid content on sludge disintegration were investigated. The sludge disintegration degree (DDCOD), protein concentration, and polysaccharide concentration increased with the increase of homogenization pressure and homogenization cycle number, and decreased with the increase of sludge total solid (TS) content. The maximum DDCOD of 43.94% was achieved at 80 MPa with four homogenization cycles for a 9.58 g/L TS sludge sample. A HPH sludge disintegration model of DD_COD= kN^aP^b was established by multivariable linear regression to quantify the effects of homogenization parameters. The homogenization cycle exponent a and homogenization pressure exponent b were 0.4763 and 0.7324 respectively, showing that the effect of homogenization pressure (P) was more significant than that of homogenization cycle number (N). The value of the rate constant k decreased with the increase of sludge total solid content. The specific energy consumption increased with the increment of sludge disintegration efficiency. Lower specific energy consumption was required for higher total solid content sludge.     

感潮河网溢油归宿的数值模拟研究

基于拉格朗日油粒子模型、溢油风化模型以及三维水动力、泥沙和吸附质模型构建了溢油双层数学模型.模型不仅能够模拟油膜的运动轨迹、岸边吸附与冲刷、油品性质变化过程,而且通过耦合泥沙吸附及沉积动力学过程,能够更加客观地模拟溢油从水体向底泥环境的迁移过程,更全面地反映溢油在环境中的归宿.此外,本文以假设溢油事故为背景,模拟和分析了洪、枯季节条件下珠江广州段溢油事故对河网陆地边界、河网水质及底泥环境的影响.     

城市大气颗粒物背景值涵义及定值方法

城市大气颗粒物背景值的概念对防治城市大气颗粒物污染具有重要意义。城市大气颗粒物背景值不同于颗粒物本底值。本底值是指不受人类活动影响的自然条件下颗粒物的浓度值,而背景值是个相对值,其所在的环境条件有可能已经受到了环境污染。影响城市大气颗粒物背景值的因素主要包括两个方面:一是污染源,主要包括城市本地源排放和外来颗粒物,二是颗粒物扩散的天气和气象因素。将城市大气颗粒物的背景值定义为在一定时期内,由于城市本身的排放,城市大气环境中颗粒物的浓度水平。通过分析总结近年来人们对大气颗粒物垂直分布规律的研究,探讨了采用监测一定高度处大气颗粒物,结合气象因素确定城市环境空气中大气颗粒物背景值的方法。