城市水环境非点源污染总量控制研究与应用

在调查和分析仪征市非点源污染过程中，对建成区进行网格处理，根据土地利用状况和特点，通过采样分析，确定了各网格的非点源污染负荷量和空间变化特征。在非点源污染发生的时段民假设在时间上分配均匀的点源污染负荷进行比较，分析二对区域水环境的叠加影响。     

环境污染系统的灰色投入产出模型

将投入产出模型与灰色理论结合起来，建立了以灰色预测为基础的环境污染系统灰色投入产出模型，探索了如何从污染物总量控制目标出发来规划和发展生产。     

总量控制在环境管理中应用

实施大气污染总量控制是法律的要求和市场经济发展的需要，指出容量总量控制是环境质量管理的必然趋势，总量控制研究的核心内容是确定区域允许排放量和制订区域污染综合治理方案，论述了实施总量控制的技术方法和原则，讨论了实施总量控制在社会经济发展中的作用。     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

珠江水系两条重要河流水体中悬浮颗粒物的有机污染物含量

为确定珠江三角洲水体悬浮颗粒物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的含量和来源,对珠江上游的两条重要支流西江、北江水体中的悬浮颗粒物分期进行了两次采样分析,测定了水体中悬浮颗粒物的含量,分析了其中多环芳烃、有机氯农药的含量。其中,北江水体中悬浮颗粒物中的PAHs的总量分别为928.8、1259.7ng·g-1干质量,西江水体中悬浮颗粒物的PAHs总量分别为660.1、1130.7ng·g-1干质量,其来源主要为石化燃料的燃烧与排放。北江水体悬浮颗粒物中的有机氯农药总量为41.9、135.3ng·g-1干质量,西江为78.54、108.7ng·g-1干质量,由沿岸农田排放入水体。并发现,西江北江沿岸的农田,仍旧在使用DDT、硫丹等农药。     

大气中硝酸和颗粒物硝酸盐的测定

研究了用扩散管差分法和多种叠滤膜法测量大气中粒物硝酸盐和气体硝酸，扩散管差分法可以测量颗粒物硝酸盐和气体硝酸，避免了采样时颗粒物硝酸盐的人为损失。Ｆｌｏｕｒｏｐｏｒｅ聚四氟乙烯膜等惰性膜也可以采集颗粒物硝酸盐，其后的ＮａＣｌ浸渍膜采集硝酸，而玻璃纤维膜几乎同时采集了颗粒物硝酸盐和硝酸。     

富营养化水体中微囊藻细胞碎屑对氨氮的吸附特性

以微囊藻细胞碎屑作为水体有机质颗粒悬浮物的代表,模拟研究了有机质颗粒悬浮物对无机氮的吸附行为及吸附特性.实验表明,细胞碎屑颗粒对氨氮的吸附在30min内即可接近吸附平衡,吸附符合Henry吸附模式,在吸附剂浓度为10mg·l-1,氨氮初始浓度为1.0mg·l-1,pH7.0的实验条件下,吸附分配系数高达30426L·kg-1.碎屑浓度、pH值和盐度对吸附具有一定的影响.     

Impacts of some meteorological parameters on SO2 and TSP concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey

The air pollution is the one of the most important environmental problems in Erzurum, situated in the eastern of Turkey, during winter periods. The unfavorable climate as well as the city’s topography, and inappropriate urbanization cause serious air pollution problems. The air pollutant concentrations in a city have a close relationship with its meteorological parameters. In the present study, the relationship between daily average total suspended particulate (TSP) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations with meteorological factors, such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, pressure and precipitation, in 1995–2002 winter seasons was statistically analyzed using the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. According to the results obtained through analysis, higher TSP and SO₂ concentrations are strongly related to colder temperatures, lower wind speed, higher pressure system and weakly lower precipitation and higher relative humidity. The statistical models of SO₂ and TSP including meteorological parameters gave R² of 0.74 and 0.88, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between the previous day’s SO₂, TSP concentrations and actual concentrations of these pollutants on that day was investigated and found as 0.84 and 0.53, respectively. In order to develop this model, previous day’s SO₂ and TSP concentrations were added to the equations. The new model for SO₂ enhanced considerably (R² = 0.92), but for TSP new model was not enhanced (R² = 0.89).     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

Temporal and spatial relationships in fine particle strong acidity, sulphate, PM1O, and PM2.5 across multiple canadian locations

The Canadian Acid Aerosol Measurement Program (CAAMP) was established in 1992 to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric behaviour of fine particle strong acidity (“acid aerosols”) and to facilitate an assessment of the potential health risks associated with acid aerosols and particles in general. During 1992. 1993 and 1994, annular denuder and filter measurements were taken at four sites in Ontario, two in Quebec, three in the Atlantic Provinces and one in the greater Vancouver area. Mean fine particle sulphate concentrations (SO₄²⁻) were highest in southern Ontario (annual average ranged from 40–70 nmol m⁻³), lowest at a site in the Vancouver area (average = 16 nmol m⁻³) and second lowest in rural Nova Scotia. However, mean fine particle strong acid concentrations (H⁺) were geographically different. The highest mean concentrations were at the east coast sites (annual average of up to 30 nmol m⁻³). Acidities were lower in areas where the fine particle acidity experienced greater neutralization from reaction with ammonia. This included the major urban centres (i.e. Toronto and Montréal) and areas with greater amounts of agricultural activity, as in rural southern Ontario. On average, ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particle mass were larger in the urban areas and also in areas where SO₄²⁻ levels were higher. All the particle components were episodic. However, compared to SO₄²⁻ and fine particles (PM_2.5 or PM_2.1, depending upon inlet design), episodes of H⁺ tended to be less frequent and of shorter duration, particularly in Ontario. Saint John, New Brunswick, had the highest mean annual H⁺ concentration, which was 30 nmol m⁻³. H⁺ episodes (24 h concentration > 100 nmol m⁻³) were also the most frequent at this location. The high levels in Saint John were partially due to local sulphur dioxide sources and heterogeneous chemistry occurring in fog, which, on average, led to a 50% enhancement in sulphate, relative to upwind conditions.There was a substantial amount of intersite correlation in the day to day variations in H⁺, SO₄²⁻ , PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ (fine + coarse particles) concentrations, which is due to the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of fine particles. Sulphate was the most regionally homogenous species. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing SO₄²⁻ between sites ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, depending on site separation and lag time. In many cases, particle episodes were observed to move across the entire eastern portion of Canada with about a two-day lag between the SO₄²⁻ levels in southern Ontario and in southern Nova Scotia.