中国4城市空气颗粒物元素的因子分析

因子分析在研究空气颗粒物来源上得到了广泛的应用。本文应用最大方差旋转因子分析法对中国4城市空气中粗、细颗粒物元素的来源进行了分析。结果指出粗、细颗粒物因子大致可分为土壤源因子和工业污染源因子两大类。粗颗粒物主要来自土壤源,细颗粒物主要来自工业污染源,并指出土壤源因子对粗颗粒物的贡献大于对细颗粒物的贡献。     

Deposition of Inorganic Particulate Aerosols to Vegetation - A New Method of Estimating

A new, direct method was developed for quantifying inorganic particulate aerosols trapped by the forest canopy, and for determining the resulting input of elements to a forest ecosystem. The method is based on direct measurements of only six parameters. Using this method, it is possible to determine the load of aerosols trapped by the forest canopy and deposited to leaves, as well as the load of aerosols falling to the forest floor by impaction on plants. It is also possible to estimate the aerosol input of soluble and insoluble elements to an ecosystem. With this new method it has been found that the load of aerosols trapped by the canopy of a mixed forest located in the Rybnik Coal Basin averaged 189.0 kg x ha-1 x growing season-1, or 39.3% of the total inorganic particles reaching the ecosystem. The trapped aerosols provided 13.4 kg x ha-1 of soluble nitrogen and 0.91 kg x ha-1 of insoluble nitrogen over the growing season. At the same time, the input of soluble nitrogen from the atmosphere with rainfall to an open area averaged 13.9 kg x ha-1, and the input of insoluble nitrogen with inorganic dusts averaged 1.4 kg x ha-1.     

The Quality of Water in the Buško Blato Reservoir

The article presents the results of chemical andmicrobiological measurements of the water quality in theBuko Blato reservoir, the largest in Europe, in the period 1989 to 1998.The aim was to observe possiblechanges in water quality during the past decade and itsinfluence on the downstream section of the Cetina River andits numerous tributaries and reservoirs, where there are twolarge regional water supply systems. This reservoir wasbuilt in order to exploit the high hydro-electric potentialof small streamflows in the karst fields of south-westernBosnia. It has strongly influenced the hydrologicconditions of the downstream section of the Cetina River.Buko Blato is a relatively shallow reservoir with the meandepth of 5 m. It covers an area of 57 km². The waterexchange in the reservoir is slow, occurring from one toseveral years. When the water inflow exceeds the hydroelectric plant demands the excess water is delivered by a reversible channel and pre-pumped into the Buko Blato reservoir. The total and carbonate water hardness in thereservoir is lower than in the Cetina River and in typicalkarst streamflows, since the water in this reservoir comesmainly from surface sources including numerous springs withhigh capacity oscillations, torrents and rainfall.Measurements, carried out during the past years, showed asignificant increase in nitrate content as well as in thecoli bacteria and a less significant increase in totalphosphorus content. The water quality was evaluated asmezotrophic according to the total phosphorus content basedon the Carlson index of trophic level, a lower quality thanin the Perua reservoir, upstream on the Cetina River. Thelatter contains a smaller phosphorus content and wasclassed between oligotrophic and mezotrophic. According tothese data, employing the Vollenweider equation, the totalphosphorus content in this water should not exceed the meanof 20 mg m^-3 P. The results indicate that the water inthe Buko Blato reservoir did not deteriorate the waterquality on the downstream section of the Cetina River.     

蘑菇湖水库的富营养化及水生生态变迁的研究

蘑菇湖水库已处于富营养-重富营养阶段.正在由响应型向非响应型湖泊演变.导致这一结果的原因是多年来石河子市工农业废水和生活污水中所含氮、磷元素超负荷地进入水库,由此引起了水生生态系统的一系列生态变迁和恶性演化.     

连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用

连续流动分析技术具有分析速度快、准确度和精密度高、操作简单、通用性强、样品和试剂消耗量少等一系列优点。灵活运用连续流动分析技术可对大多数水性样品如水和废水、土壤(或固体废弃物)提取液、饮料等进行分析。本文中着重介绍了氨氮、硝酸盐氮/亚硝酸盐氮、挥发酚以及总氰化物等几个连续流动分析在水质监测中的应用实例。     

颗粒态重金属通过河流与大气向海洋输送

本文综述了河流与大气向海洋输送颗态重金属的过程、特点及输送通量、参考文献８３篇。     

Direct numerical simulation of the motion of circular pollutant particles in Newtonian fluid

An improved implementation of distributed multiplier/fictitious domain method is presented for the direct numerical simulation of particulate flow. The key improvement is to replace a finite-element triangulation for the velocity and a “twice-coarser“ triangulation for the pressure with a rectangular discretization for the velocity and pressure. For code validation, the sedimentation of a single particle in a twodimensional channel was simulated. The results showed that the simulation is independent of the mesh size as well as the time step. The comparison between experimental data and this simulation showed that our code can give a more accurate simulation on the motion of particlesthan previous DLM code. The code was then applied to simulate the sedimentation of 600 particles in a rectangular box. The falling course ispresented and discussed. At the same time, this simulation also demonstrates that the method presented in this paper can be used for solving the initial problems involving a lager number of particles exaclly with computing durations kept at acceptable levels.     

悬浮填料在废水生物处理中的应用进展

综述了悬浮填料及反应性悬浮填料在废水生物处理中的应用。在曝气池中添加悬浮填料对传统活性污泥法进行改进，改造工程简单，并可使原有污水处理场的处理能力及脱氮能力大大提高；悬浮填料与活性污泥法的多种变型相结合，在市场上形成了多种新型反应器和新的商品处理工艺。反应性悬浮填料的使用也已取得一系列成功经验，但仍然要注意反应性悬浮填料本身在废水中的降解问题。     

The Relative Influences of Primary and Secondary Particulates to Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom

This study uses a combination of data from U.K. monitoringstations and from modelling undertaken with the U.K.Meteorological Office's NAME Model to investigate therelative influences of primary and secondary particulateson total PM₁₀ levels at sites in the United Kingdom. Co-located PM₁₀ and sulphate aerosol measurementsindicate that sulphate has a disproportionately largeinfluence on the variation of PM₁₀ levels incomparison to its contribution to their total mass.Comparisons of measured PM₁₀ at urban centre, roadsideand rural sites suggest that local primary sources havevery little influence on daily mean levels. NAME has beenused to model both primary particles and sulphate aerosolfrom sources across the whole of Europe. The discrepanciesbetween modelled and observed PM₁₀ suggest that coarseparticles, such as windblown dust and resuspended roaddust,may comprise a very large, if not dominant, proportion ofobserved PM₁₀ levels. The apparently minor role ofprimary particles (especially locally-sourced ones) raisesa number of issues regarding the suitability of current U.K.and European legislation to addressing the particle problem.     

催化燃烧法处理聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯生产废气

采用催化燃烧法处理聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯生产过程排放的含乙醛、2-甲基-1，3-二氧戊烷、乙二醇的废气，用进口Pt Pd／Al2O3-CeO2球状催化剂作废气催化燃烧的催化剂。在催化燃烧反应器床层空速为20000h^-1、催化剂用量为935mL、反应器入口温度为250℃、进口废气总烃质量浓度为2555～5099mg／m^3的条件下，处理后废气的总烃质量浓度为1～38mg／m^3，远低于120mg/m^3的国家排放标准，且总烃去除率达到98．6％～100％，乙醛质量浓度小于99mg／m^3,低于125mg／m^3的国家排放标准。