大气排污交易政策实施的技术原则

排污交易政策由泡泡政策、补偿政策、净得政策及排污量存储政策组成。现阶段我国实施大气排污交易政策主要在同一厂区“以新带老”、排污补偿及可用购买盈余排污量来达到排放标准三方面进行;还论述了排污交易量、排污交易费用确定的原则。      

邯郸市SO2排放总量控制研究

本研究以ＳＯ２长期日平均浓度为控制标准,将邯郸市区划分为工业区,文化区３个功能区,利用生成城市大池数矩阵和分担率的ＬＥＥＣＭ－ＩＩ通用程序评价邯郸市大气污染现状,在此基础上进行了大气污染物ＳＯ２排放总量控制研究。给出了邯郸市的基础削减量,平权削减量,优化削减量,分析了污染治理的投资成本。研究表明ＬＥＥＣＭ－ＩＩ程序为大气污染总量控制提供了一个方便实用的计算工具,便于中涉城市推广总量控制工作。     

苯胺在水体悬浮颗粒物上吸附特征

通过批量平衡法实验,比较了作为有机碱离子化有机污染物之一的苯胺在酸性、天然水和碱性水体中悬浮颗粒物上的吸附特征,并观察了水体颗粒物中腐殖酸含量对苯胺吸附行为的影响。结果表明,苯胺在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附遵守Ｆｒｅ－ｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程：在ｐＨ５—１０范围内苯胺被吸附的能力随介质ｐＨ值和颗粒物中有机质含量的升高而增大．     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and substitutes (Nitro-, Oxy-PAHs) in urban soil and airborne particulate by GC-MS and NCI-MS/MS

A method involving high resolution gas chromatography combined with ion trap (HRGC-MS/MS) and negative chemical ionisation (NCI) was developed for the determination of nitrated or oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs) and other electrophilic substitutes in soil samples. Efficient clean-up was achieved by a combination of methods for the determination of PAHs in soil and nitro-PAHs in aerosol using solid phase extraction (SPE) and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In samples of surface soil from the city of Basle (Switzerland), nitro-PAHs (mainly 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene) were found in concentrations between 30 and 800 ng/kg dry weight. Oxy-PAHs and parent PAHs revealed 10²-10⁴-fold higher levels. Nitro-PAHs which are up to 10⁵ times more mutagenic seem to be less persistent in soil than the parent forms, although their entire mutagenic potential has to be estimated as being on the same order of magnitude. In urban air particulate matter, the amounts of nitro-PAHs (2–62 pg/m³) were 10–100 times lower than oxyPAHs and parent PAHs which were both found in a similar range. 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a recently described suspected human carcinogen has not yet been detected. Using multivariate statistical analysis, it was possible to elucidate similarities or special characteristics of substances in a given matrix reflecting their chemical properties or specific emission sources.     

连续流动分析仪法测定水中总氰化物

采用连续流动分析仪测定水中总氰化物。通过各类实际样品和标准样品的分析 ,该方法的检出限为0 0 0 2mg L ,相对标准偏差为 0 7%～ 3 0 % ,加标回收率为 96 0 %～ 10 6 0 %。实验表明 ,该方法具有灵敏度、准确度高 ,精密度和回收率好 ,节省试样、试剂等特点 ,并提高了操作的安全性、方便性及工作效率。适用于水质中总氰化物的测定。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定总铬

研究了用火焰原子吸收分光光度法直接测定水和废水中的总铬。通过不同条件的实验 ,确定了最佳的分析条件 ;并通过标准样品和实际样品的分析 ,验证了方法的准确度和精密度。在实验基础上 ,建立空白试验、准确度质量控制图 ,以便定期对各种监测数据提供可行的质量保证措施。实验结果表明 :该法快速方便 ,提高了分析效率 ,准确度高 ,精密度好 ,值得普及和推广     

Forecasting the impact of meteorological parameters on air pollutants in Andhra Pradesh using machine learning techniques

In the 21st century, air pollution has emerged as a significant problem all over the globe due to a variety of activities carried out by humans, such as the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization. SO₂, NO₂, and NH₃ are the key components contributing to air pollution. Moreover, these air pollutants have a significant connection to several climatic characteristics, such as the speed of the wind, the relative humidity, the temperature, the amount of precipitation, and the surface pressure. As a result, machine learning (ML) is regarded as a more effective strategy for predicting air quality than more conventional approaches such as probability and statistics, among others. In the research, Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) algorithms are used to make predictions about air quality, and MSE (Mean Squared Error), RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), MAE (Mean Squared error), and R² are used to determine how accurate the predictions are.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental and ion components in air particulate matters in three mega-cities in China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is one of the most important political, economic and cultural centers of China. The rapid development of economy in last decades has caused severe air pollution problems, which has resulted in considerable harm to local ecological environment and human health. In this study, total 671 air samples were collected from Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang (the capital city in Hebei province), one reference site and four background sites in four seasons. Particulate matters (PMs) with different sizes, elements and dissolvable ions in PMs were analyzed. Pollutant concentrations, characteristics and seasonal variations were discussed in order to describe the pollution status and the possible sources in this region. Enriched factors of K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were all higher than 10. Concentrations of dissolvable ions were in the order of NO₃^–, SO₄^2–>NH₄⁺>Cl^–>Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺>Mg²⁺, F^–. NO₃^–, SO₄^2–, NH₄⁺, Cl^– were the most important ion pollutants in the three cities which accounted for 90.3–92.3% of total 9 ion concentrations. Ion concentrations in the PMs were in the order of PM₁>PM_1–2.5>PM_2.5–10>PM₁₀>TSP. More than 50% of the dissolvable ions exist in PM1 and the percentage increases to 73.9–94.8% in PM_2.5. Human activities should be the main sources of the metallic pollutants, among which coal combustion was identified as the primary one.     

基于有上下界风量约束的矿井风量极值流算法研究

为解决既有方法不能准确求出矿井最大通风量与最小配风量,从而导致矿井通风系统产生能源浪费或难以满足矿井通风需求,出现安全隐患与改造难度大、潜力低等问题,提出1种基于有上下界风量约束的矿井风量极值流算法.该算法首先利用最大流算法求解满足节点流量平衡与分支上下界容量限制条件的可行流问题,若存在可行流,在求得可行流基础上,再利...     

Accelerated ash accumulation method for diesel particulate filter and its characterization: a review

ABSTRACT

It is well known that high-efficiency wall-flow particulate filter is the most commonly used technology that can effectively reduce both particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) to comply with the latest emission legislations. Ash, defined as the noncombustible, non-evaporative residue derived mostly from lubricants, has critical impact on engine backpressure, particulate filter filtration efficiency and durability performance, therefore, the investigation of ash impact on particulate filter is of great importance. Due to cost-saving potential, several published methods from different laboratories for accelerated ash loading under carefully controlled conditions are described in this review, including some characterization methods that have been used for the evaluation of filter performance. In addition, the impact of ash deposit on back pressure and regeneration performance are also discussed in this review.